Hongmeng released, Huawei veterans will count the 28-year history of a Huawei operating system for you

On August 9, a day when Songshan Lake in Dongguan was boiling, Yu Chengdong, CEO of Huawei’s consumer business, released the Hongmeng operating system, which comes from Shanhaijing in Chinese and HarmonyOS in English, not the legendary OakOS.

Introducing the original intention of Hongmeng OS development, Yu Chengdong said: "With the arrival of the era of full-scene intelligence, Huawei believes that it is necessary to further improve the cross-platform capability of the operating system, including the ability to support full-scene, cross-device and platform, and the ability to deal with low-latency and high-security challenges, so the prototype of Hongmeng OS has gradually formed. Hongmeng should be born in the future."

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The most exciting news is that Hongmeng OS is open-sourced, and the Ark compiler is also open-sourced. The entire industry will participate and develop together.

Operating systems became a hot topic after the ZTE incident last April when Android was banned. Veteran Dai Hui interviewed Academician Ni Guangnan, and the whole network took the lead in summarizing various types of operating systems in China.

In the past few years, the progress of China’s operating system has actually been quite large. The gap between server and cloud OS, embedded OS (such as communication equipment), Internet of Things and vehicle to everything OS is not large, and the PC OS has also made great progress.

Smartphone operating systems are indeed very different in terms of ecology. After discussion between Lao Dai and Academician Ni, they mentioned an idea in the article: since the APPs used in domestic mobile phones are basically domestic, then the domestic mobile phone OS + WeChat Mini Program can be used as a spare tire for Android in China.

Unfortunately! Thirteen months later, on May 15 this year, Huawei was added to the so-called "entity list", and Google’s operating system banned Huawei from supplying it. The topic of Huawei Hongmeng OS and Ark compiler suddenly became hot.

Smartphone operating systems are the commanding heights of information technology. Google strives to continue to cooperate with Huawei on Android and Fuchsia for corporate interests, but GMS authority has not been released, and Huawei’s mobile phone sales overseas will also be under pressure. How Huawei and Google will cooperate in the future will have to wait for time to tell us.

Shixing made a big deal, so he came to sort out Huawei’s OS development history. I don’t know, I was taken aback.

The origin of Huawei’s self-developed OS can be traced back to 28 years ago, and it has penetrated all three major BGs and two major BUs of Huawei’s business!


Chapter 1: Unforgettable 1991

In 1991, on the Nanshan Peninsula on the coast of the South China Sea, there was a century-defining story.

That year, Xu Wenwei (Da Xu) led the development of Huawei’s first chip – forgot to name it, just called it ASIC.

In 1991, Huawei explored entering the telecom operator market, and in the process of gaining access (developing the JK1000), it also began to develop its own operating system. Xu Wenwei was also the head of research and development.

I can’t help but ask curiously: How old are you! How old are you?! Answer: There is a "heart" (chip) and a "soul" (operating system)!

At about the same time, there was a big move in the distant northern Europe.

Finland is a place with aurora and Nokia.

In 1991, Finland made the world’s first GSM call. China’s mobile communication industry is now the strongest in the world, and there are six of the top ten mobile phone brands in China. Whether it is base stations or mobile phones, they all started to develop from GSM. This topic will not be played in this article.

That was the year that Linus Torvalds, a 21-year-old computer science student at the University of Helsinki in Finland, wrote disk drivers and file systems – the prototype for Linux’s first kernel, which ran on computers with Intel 386-series CPUs.

Linus exposed the Linux kernel through the nascent Internet (BBS) in an open-source model. Thanks to the efforts of countless people around the world, the Linux operating system has deservedly become the greatest open-source software in history.

At that time, developers around the world urgently needed a free, open, and modifiable operating system. At the time, Windows and Unix were both paid and closed-source.

Linux is born at the right time. It is not so much "man will conquer the sky" as "the times make heroes". "A spark can start a prairie fire", "dry firewood is on fire, the wind is surging", "The time is here, and it cannot be stopped", "Right time, right person".

Today, Linux operating systems are everywhere, whether embedded, PC, server or cloud, compatible with a variety of CPU forms, including Intel’s x86 architecture, ARM, MIPS, Power, Alpha (Shenwei) and so on.

Linus is known as the "Father of Linux". This title is well deserved! He famously said: Talk is cheap. Show me the code!

In the next 28 years, Huawei and Linux have had a lot of intersection.


Chapter 2: The Peacock Flies Southeast

Today, Huawei is a model for the collective struggle of more than 100,000 people. But at the beginning of entrepreneurship, there were not many people, and personal ability was very important.

After working for three years, Xu Wenwei returned to Southeast University for further study between 87 and 90 years. He was a graduate student majoring in automatic control and was taught by Professor Yi Chengbin. "One schoolbag, two bowls, classroom, dormitory, library."

Professor Yi had a great influence in Nanjing’s industry, and there were many horizontal cooperation projects. His disciple Da Xu was responsible for the specific work. On the one hand, he designed the hardware of the single-chip microcomputer, and on the other hand, he wrote the embedded software in machine language and assembly language.

Da Xu’s life is "operating system". Reading and practice are the same ("multi-tasking system, parallel computing"), there is an exceptional allowance of tens of yuan per month, three drinks and five drinks go to Lin Yan Restaurant with a beautiful boss lady on Chengxian Street ("memory management"), turn duck blood fans into burning passion and motivation ("compilation system"), cold beer invades the body’s internal organs and nine-way intestines ("input and output I/O"; "file structure"), drink too much and talk nonsense to the moon ("advanced language"), and go back to the Shatang Garden dormitory to lie down in the book ("database").

In the era of planned economy, Nanjing was the most important research and development center for automatic control and power electronics in China, and many ministries and commissions had research institutes and enterprises here. Remember that there was a subordinate automation institute that gave each person a year-end bonus of more than 10,000 yuan, which made everyone covet it! Now there are many power electronics companies represented by Nanrui, Nanzi, and Dongda Jinzhi.

Southeast University is the authentic successor of Central University’s engineering discipline in the Republic of China.

There is a movie called "West East Without Question". During the Anti-Japanese War, Central University went up the river from east to west to accompany the capital of Chongqing, Shapingba, and Chongqing University to co-locate, but it was a real "West Without Question". In 1924, before the great writer Tagore went to Tsinghua University, he first came to Nanjing and spoke in the old gymnasium that was later a ballroom. Xu Zhimo waved his sleeves and took the stage to translate: "Yu took a steamer (from Shanghai) up the Yangtze River… and the ship approached Jinling, the morning light was dim, the sound of birds was mixed with trees, and countless sailboats, sailing straight with the wind, crossing the middle stream steadily, and I felt that this kind of bright and magnificent phenomenon was about to come to the world. The proportion of human beings who have passed through a state of chaos and sacrificed their struggles."

(Picture note: Tagore took a group photo with Xu Zhimo, Lin Huiyin and others during his visit to China)

Less gossip. Da Xu’s heart already belongs, and he doesn’t spend his time in the singing and dancing. He goes to the waste electronics market of Confucius Temple when he has time. There are piles of waste circuit boards and electronic components from abroad, sold by the jin, and he can find valuable chips and devices, "treasure hunt". Use the tongue to choose a transistor. First use the two pens of the multimeter to contact the emitter and collector respectively to check the leakage current, and then use the tip of the tongue to lick the collector and base to see the change of the pointer to see the magnification.

Da Xu later wrote an instruction book "How to use a multimeter and oscilloscope to debug a programmable switch", I don’t know if I have to use my tongue?

There are also Honeywell minicomputers imported in 1980 in the computer room. They punch holes and mark "0" or "1" on paper tape to input programs and data, and the CPU can execute them directly. This is the lowest level of machine language.

A well-known foreign company, Yilida, came to Nanjing to recruit. In the early 1990s, top student Xu Wenwei and his family came to Shenzhen, a "cultural desert", lived in a farmer’s house, and developed high-speed laser printers in the high-tech department of Hong Kong company Yilida. At about the same time, Ni Guangnan also developed laser printers and chips at Lenovo.

In 1990, the ghost genius Huang Zhan wrote a song, which has been sung to this day, just to describe that era: the sea laughed, the surging tide on both sides, the ups and downs followed the waves, only remembering today. Heaven laughs, the tide in the world, who wins, God knows.


Chapter 3: In 1992, Huawei developed its first operating system

In the deep-meaning industrial building next door to Yilida, Huawei is making a small switch (commonly known as a small switchboard) for enterprise users. The bottom-level software and hardware design capabilities urgently need to be strengthened.

On the small switchboard developed by Bao (Zheng Baoyong), Huawei had its first pot of gold. However, the good times did not last long, and this field gradually became a red ocean, with hundreds of similar companies appearing in China. What China is best at is: making prices bad, and no one makes money.

  

Notes: Visiting the United States in 1994, starting from Liu Qiwu, Li Yinan, Yang Hanchao, Xu Wenwei, Zheng Baoyong, Li Jian, Mao Shengjiang

Post and telecommunications system using level program control switch, seven countries eight system, high profits, is the blue ocean.

Domestic manufacturers with core R & D capabilities are also trying to enter. Li Xiangting, the old leader of Lao Dai, graduated from the computer department of CITU. He said that Wu Jiangxing, a young teacher in the department, did not know how to "speak wildly:" Isn’t a program-controlled switch just a computer + a traditional switch? "Just like Li Shufu’s famous sentence:" Isn’t a car just four wheels and two rows of sofas? "

Wu Jiangxing took 3 million yuan from the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications and started to dry, and really made a dragon! The Datang with the background of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications also made it, and Ni Guangnan also led Lenovo to develop it.

Shenzhen is the forefront of reform and opening up, and several are also working hard. The fastest move is ZTE. Hou Weigui is from Nanjing. He used his hometown and state-owned enterprise background to find Professor Chen Xisheng and Professor Mi Zhengkun of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications. These two are leaders in China’s program-controlled switching technology. They sent three young teachers from the teaching and research department to Dameisha and developed 500 program-controlled switches for ZTE Semiconductor. The two teachers went back because their families were in Nanjing, and the bachelor Yin Yimin stayed. Changhong’s technology originated from Changchun University of Posts and Telecommunications (now merged into Jilin University). Sunda, a subsidiary of the central enterprise China Electronics, is also famous for a while.

Today’s Huawei is very powerful, but at that time Huawei was just a "grass-roots team". The developers that Ren Zhengfei, who has worked in construction and raised pigs, can find are not graduates of the program-controlled exchange system, most of them are graduates who have not yet emerged from the fledgling, and the smell of students has not yet dissipated! Guo Ping poached Zheng Bao to use Huawei, Bao took everyone to fight a few times with the little gangsters on the street, and he was born in rural Fujian and has thick arms.

As far as Dai knew, the first communication graduate to join was Wang Cheng from Beiyou. The boss took a look at his resume: What? Beiyou, I want it! So Wang Cheng went to his classmates and alumni with a satchel on his back to help. Later, he served as the president of the domestic marketing department, and Dai was his sales soldier.

To enter the post office system, you must first have a production license issued by the state. When Huawei wanted to do it, there was no indicator for 500 doors, and only 1,000 doors still had a chance. Time is still tight, and there will be no such store after this village.

In order to prevent a rush of vicious competition, domestic licenses are often used to restrict. For example, in 1998, Huawei issued GSM and CDMA mobile phone licenses, but because of the pain in its heart, it did not get them, which made it impossible to enter the mobile phone industry for many years. Later satellite set-top boxes and payment licenses are all the same story.

In the winter of 1991, Huawei established a project team with only a small number of personnel (about 10 people) to try to make equipment for operators, and since then it has embarked on the road of no return to dance with the "wolves" of the world. This is a tragic process of "unsuccessful, benevolent".

The title track of Matthew Lane’s melancholy album "Wolf" in the Yukon, Canada, echoes this scene: You would be a sweet surrender, I must go the other way, and my train will carry me onward. Please let go gently, I must go far away, my train will take me to the end of the world.

Time was very tight. If he could not close the gate at the end of 1992, there would be no "tickets" to enter the post and telecommunications system, and there would be no Huawei today. Boss Ren might really go to "raise pigs", maybe he could make a "Ren Woxing native pig".

Whether the switching network is air separation or digital has no impact on passing the appraisal of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. It is difficult to achieve analog air separation technology above 500 doors, so Da Xu organized and developed two 500-door analog air separation modules together to make 1000 doors.

Some articles on the Internet believed that the JK1000’s failure to use digital panels was a mistake, and they spread falsehoods. This view was wrong. Back in 1991-92, Huawei did not have a few guns, and the telecommunications door did not step in. The primary goal was to grab "tickets", and the key needs to be solved were naturally.

To enter the post and telecommunications system, the core is to achieve "program control" at the telecom operator level, that is, the host system, which can effectively manage, bill, and promote new services. With extremely limited manpower and material resources, what technical path can the core host system adopt to achieve the goal the fastest? There were 4 options at that time.

1. Huawei’s previous HJD48 user computer was based on the control method of single-chip microcomputer and assembly. Although it was also touted as "program control" externally, it was mainly for making phone calls. However, the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications has many requirements for network access, and assembly language cannot be used on traditional single-chip microcomputers.

2. CPU chips that use RISC (Reduced Instruction), such as the Motorola chips that were popular at the time. It is difficult to write software in high-level languages (such as C), and it is also difficult to write operating systems and promote new businesses.

3. Using the 386-based PC main board available on the market (the most familiar to the enthusiasts), it cannot meet the reliability requirements of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, and various interfaces do not match, and there is no way to do hot backup.

4. Self-designed high-reliability motherboard based on 386 chip (without the general-purpose PC main board on the market), supports hot backup, self-developed BIOS, and uses high-level language (C language) + assembly mixed programming to write host software.

JK1000 finally decided to adopt mode 4. This newly developed main control board is also named MPU (Main Processing Unit).

Da Xu is a hardware developer and assembly expert, Nie Jianlin is a C language expert, combining two swords, and forging the host software system of JK1000 with everyone. Adopting a mixed programming method of C language + assembly.

Note: The host software structure of C & C08 is the operating system

Figure Note: Functions of each part of the C & C08 host software

The core of the JK1000 host software system is an original embedded operating system based on the command line, which is developed from the beginning. It initially has the basic characteristics of the operating system, such as the management and allocation of all software and hardware resources, task scheduling, control, and coordination of concurrent activities.

Software testing is a difficult problem. At first, the host software system was hung up at every turn (stopped running or caught in an infinite loop). In order to check where the problem was, a lot of effort was spent on designing a lot of counters in the program and storing them in a specific location in the memory. After the crash, by checking the value of the counter, we can analyze and determine where the problem is. Has anyone gone directly to the memory to change the health point when playing the game?

It is said that Ren Zhengfei often comes at 9 o’clock in the evening to deliver bread and milk to everyone, and brags to everyone that "I will be drying money on the balcony in the future", a very good "political commissar" and "instructor".

More than a dozen amateurs, in just a few months, in the second half of 1992, they developed the JK1000 (post and telecommunications) bureau program-controlled switch. Huawei really had no money at that time, and Ren Zhengfei himself just rented a small house to live in.

This is also the first time that Da Xu has led a team to fight, completing the big "turn" from working hard to looking up at the road.

In the second half of 1992, a town in Haining, Zhejiang opened the JK1000 switch for the bureau. Da Xu, Nie Jianlin and R & D colleagues were on site to modify the software, compile, load and run, which was the local method of the year.

The director of Zhejiang Haining Bureau is very nice. Every fifteenth day of the lunar calendar, he pulls all Huawei’s people out to watch the Qiantang tide. Everyone is excited and has a lot of thoughts.

In this way, the JK1000 Bureau used the program-controlled switch at the last minute, passed the appraisal of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, got the network access certificate, and could sell it! It can be said that this is a "golden key". God bless Huawei, and from then on Huawei began its journey of opening up.

Let’s take a moment to celebrate the birth of C at Bell Labs. C is a great high-level language that greatly reduces the pain of programmers writing assembly, and can also create a large number of software functional modules and make flexible calls.

Write the software in C language, generate the assembly code through the C language compiler, and then convert it into binary executable code through the assembler. Programmers need to understand the assembly code and the connection between it and its source C code, because the compiler hides too many details such as program counters, registers (integers, conditional codes, floating points), etc. This is the strength of Da Xu.

Here lies the foreshadowing of the compiler. Today, Huawei already has the Ark compiler, which can run faster on mobile phones. On August 9, Huawei announced that Ark was open-sourced to the outside world, benefiting the entire industry.

Lao Dai’s C language was enlightened by Tsinghua student Lu Li, who later also went to Yilida and is now the king of China’s mini walkie-talkies.

The host system of the JK1000 became slower and slower to use (the same was true of the early Android). Daxu was set at 2 o’clock in the middle of the night every day. When no one called, the system automatically restarted, released all resources, and started all over again.

After a successful start, the stress was released, and Da Xu was admitted to the hospital. Only then did he have time to quietly read books on the principles of communication, and he sighed with emotion: It turns out that communication is such a thing, and he has been developing it as an automatic control device! Huawei’s style is "get married first, fall in love later, and grow up in a hail of bullets".

Huawei sold the JK1000 with great fanfare at post and telecommunications offices across the country. At that time, Western companies were very good and expensive. There are more than 2,000 counties in the country, and the post and telecommunications offices in each county have decision-making power.

Going deep into the front line and encircling the city from the countryside was Huawei’s development path. It opened offices in major provincial capitals and initially established a market system covering the whole country, but it was also very simple. Yao Fuhai went to Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, found a hotel to stay in, and called to tell the company which hotel and which room he was staying in. Taiyuan Office was established like this!

Shenzhen enterprises have a variety of sales methods, and 10,000 words are omitted here.

JK1000 has sold nearly 200 units in more than a year, making a lot of fast money.

Many articles on the Internet said that because the JK1000 was an air separation system, Huawei had to start the development of the digital standard C & C08 at the same time, which almost caused the company to collapse, and Ren Zhengfei almost "jumped off the building".

The reality is just the opposite. Without the JK1000 card getting the "admission ticket" at the time point, Huawei would not be able to enter the door of telecom operators. Without the nearly 200 sets sold by JK1000, Huawei would not be able to afford the cost of developing digital machines. More importantly, it would not have the confidence to really do telecommunications work.

If the level is not good, the service will come together. Yu Weihua, the president of the "Huayou Association", joined Huawei in 1994 and started to go to Northeast China to do service. Montenegro, which had a famous defense battle, had a JK1000 in a township that was smoked due to lightning strikes, but the staff was stunned by their heroic rescue. He rushed to the scene and found it difficult to repair. Director Su Wei instructed: Don’t leave "criminal evidence", send a new machine immediately! Immediately find a trolley and pull it all away, "dig a hole and bury it deep"! The new machine will arrive on the back foot. Lightning protection and flame retardancy are process problems that have nothing to do with communication technology, and the lightning protection and grounding of the township computer room back then were really bad. Huawei used its quick response to go deep into the white water of Montenegro to gain a foothold and customer understanding. Lightning protection is a common problem, and it took Huawei years to finally resolve it with difficulty.


Chapter 4: Moderate innovation, steady progress, step by step

When the success of the JK1000 development was in sight, Huawei started the development of the digital computer C & C08A. The host system fully undertook the technical route of the JK1000, and the hardware focused on solving the technical problems of the digital grid board. As the person in charge of the device room, Da Xu was also at the forefront.

In 1993, after the successful development of the A-type machine, the development of the Wanmen machine continued (the C-type machine and the subsequent B-type machine). The main technical problems solved this time were two, one was to improve the integration and capacity of the digital network board by designing the chip yourself, and the other was to realize the connection between multiple modules through optical modules.

It can be seen that Huawei’s successful experience is to control the innovation workload of each product development within a certain proportion to ensure that each product can be sold commercially. Step by step, make steady progress, and advance layer by layer, rather than expecting to become a fat man in one bite.

Later, Ren Zhengfei said in his speech on "Entrepreneurship and innovation must be centered on improving the core competitiveness of enterprises": "We propose that in the development of new products, we should try to use the mature technologies that the company already has, as well as technologies that can be purchased from the society. If the utilization rate is lower than 70% and the new development volume is higher than 30%, it is not only not called innovation, but waste. It will only increase the development cost and increase the instability of the product."

People are getting old, and recent events may not be remembered, but the dusty past comes to mind from time to time.

In the early years, the host software was a big package, and every time it was upgraded as a whole, it was reset and restarted. Unlike Western companies, which could fix bugs by patching. In order to solve online problems, sometimes several versions would be released in one afternoon, such as the three o’clock version, the five o’clock version, and the seven o’clock version.

In order to achieve a fast reset and restart of the entire system, Daxu used FLASH flash memory technology, first LOAD the new version of the host software on the flash memory of the backup MPU, restart the MPU, and then switch the main and standby MPU, and the entire system was successfully reset in one second, which can be called "the speed of light"! This technology was often touted by Lao Dai when he sold mobile GSM later.

Lao Dai has a classmate surnamed Zou. He graduated from ZTE Communication in 1997 to develop a program-controlled switch kernel. ZTE launched a stock attack before going public. 1997-11-11 Singles Day ZTE went public, he made a lot of fast money with lightning speed. To celebrate his fortune, Lao Dai also went to Liantang for a lively time and heard him mutter: Memory management is the most troublesome technical problem of the program-controlled switch host system.

Wang Yingjun, who joined Huawei in 1997 with Lao Dai, rented a farmer’s house in Yuehaimen Village together. Later, he became one of the giants of Huawei’s core network. In 1998, everyone was exchanging small movies in Hong Kong with great interest while talking about technology. He read all the host software code. It was written in C language, and the core was an operating system based on the command line like DOS. He said that the most terrifying thing was that there were a bunch of global variables, which was extremely painful to track. As a core tester, he once went to PK with ZTE Communication and modified the internal parameters overnight to compile overnight, so that the CPU occupancy rate under the same load was lower. CPU occupancy is a core indicator. The CPU occupancy rate of Lao Dai’s typing computer is now 77%.

Wang Yingjun studied chemistry, but he wasn’t interested in this major at all, so he took the exam as a senior programmer and fell into the pit of "01010101". We grew vegetables together in Xili’s farm a few years ago, and he never talked to me about Hong Kong movies anymore. He talked about poetry and the future. Being a leader is different.

Zeng Haowen, a disciple of Professor Mi Zhengkun of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, is Yin Yimin’s junior brother. After graduating in 1997, he came to Huawei and started as a development engineer. At the turn of the century, he became the research and development leader of the 128 module of the last version of the C & C08. Claiming to be able to support millions of users, Huawei achieved the world’s first sales volume in narrow-band digital program-controlled switching for the first time. Zeng Haowen remembered a saying at that time: Huawei did not want to become the world’s first, but had to walk on the road to becoming the first.

Interestingly, after the first version of the 128 module was launched, many bugs were found, and it was very troublesome to modify, so the entire system code was rewritten. The same thing has been done by GSM.

Is there anything wrong with Windows?

The core front-end host software (including the operating system) is indeed never Windows, but there is also a BAM module (background management unit) on C & C08 that can be used. Even if the BAM module is turned off, the front-end host software of C & C08 still runs. BAM later evolved into OMC, and Zheng Yelai, the head of Huawei Cloud BU, was the head of OMC development at that time. The first-line OMC application software occasionally has a little flaw, and the veteran Dai Hui gave feedback, and the OMC interface person answered ironically: It is the compatibility problem of your foreign Windows versions, and it has nothing to do with us!

Finally, let’s talk about the business model of software sales, which is closely related to the host software.

In the early years, there was no license control in the host system software, and upgrades and software services were also free. As long as customers continue to buy Huawei equipment, anything is negotiable.

In 2004, I went to the Indonesian operator and found that Siemens’ service staff came over once a month to see how many users had grown online. They would issue an invoice to the operator and collect a handful of money. However, Siemens did not do anything. How could they receive money?

The strategy and MKT business model department established by Xu Zhijun (Xiao Xu) has a business model department. It studies industry practices and begins to engage in "stock charges", license control by user and function, and annual software maintenance and upgrades together also charge an annual software service fee. Huawei’s technical support department has reaped huge profits as a result. Zeng Xiangsen and Wang Haijun successively served as the head of this department.

Back then, it was mainly by selling hardware to make money. I didn’t expect that today, software licenses are the real money. Because after the core network is all clouded, the underlying hardware is a general-purpose server, and anyone can sell it, and the gross profit becomes as thin as a piece of paper.


Chapter 5: The OS of the Core Network Becomes the Foundation for the Development of the Whole Huawei

In the recent Sino-US trade friction, everyone has noticed the term "5G core network". The United States has paid a lot of attention to the core network, which shows that this is a very important network equipment.

From a functional perspective, the core network not only serves landlines (fixed phones), but also mobile phones, including 2G/3G/4G/5G, etc. When a specific service is 5G, it is called the 5G core network.

The core network has undergone tremendous changes in hardware and operating systems over the years.

The real-time operating system of Huawei’s core network has undergone four technological changes.

28 years ago, Daxu and the others developed their own operating system bit by bit from the bottom up.

The small companies in the West that make RTOS (real-time operating system) kernels have only started with two or three people since the 1980s, and have not yet affected China. The price is expensive, and it is also a US dollar, which the small company Huawei cannot afford at all.

In the mid-to-late 1990s, integrating into the global trend of advanced technology, C & C08 also developed an embedded real-time operating system based on the pSOS and VxWorks microkernels.

In the host system of the C & C08 128 module, the SPC module uses pSOS, and the PPC and CPC modules use VxWorks.

Wind River Corporation of the United States, which has the VxWorks core, also acquired pSOS and finally merged into Intel. Huawei’s main processor has long used Intel’s x86 architecture.

Nokia and Ericsson have adopted a similar approach, both of which are VxWorks customers.

Cisco is based on the QNX kernel and is QNX’s largest customer outside the automotive field. Dai is in Ottawa today, and QNX’s headquarters is here. QNX was established in 1980. A group of people have been humming for decades, constantly adapting to various scenarios, with excellent real-time stability and compatibility. QNX has a very high market share in the OS of traditional cars, reaching about 80%. QNX was later sold to BlackBerry, the once brilliant mobile phone brand.

The basic theoretical research of Huawei 5G was also led by Dr. Tong Wen, the chief scientist of Huawei 5G, in Ottawa.

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Picture note: Veteran Dai Hui in front of Huawei Ottawa Research Institute

Since 2007, Huawei has successfully implemented a real-time operating system based on an open-source embedded Linux kernel.

This is a big step forward for the Linux camp and Huawei.

In fact, Wind River itself is promoting embedded Linux cores.

Yao Yiyu, chief architect of the core network platform, wrote an article called "Getting Up from the Mud Pit".

In 2007, the core network switched from the cPCI platform to the ATCA platform in the softswitch hardware architecture, but still used Intel’s x86 CPU. The biggest change was in the operating system, starting from the ATCA architecture, a lot of optimization was carried out on the embedded Linux to develop the embedded real-time operating system, and replace the previous embedded real-time operating system based on pSOS and VxWorks kernel.

Optimize the time delay of the Linux, bit by bit, and finally successfully reduce the delay to a very low level. Last time I heard drone company talk about development experience, it is also necessary to reduce the weight of the body one gram by one.

This is a great victory, and finally successfully created the first company-level telecom Linux operating system, which was later extended to the VRP of the data communication product line. Not only did it save money, but it also greatly improved its capabilities. Huawei has also made great historical contributions to the international embedded Linux open source camp.

According to Ren Zhengfei’s philosophy, if the core of a technology is algorithms and logic, Huawei can do it through hard work, so Huawei does battery management BMS (the core is algorithms and logic) in the car BU, but not batteries (the core is chemistry and materials). Ren Zhengfei strongly called on the country to train more mathematicians.

4,Introduced a new layer: cloud computing, a new architecture called NFV (Network Functions Virtualization). The original RTOS remains unchanged.

This is in the same vein as Huawei’s Fusion Sphere cloud computing operating system, which adopts various technologies such as KVM virtualization engine (also belonging to the Linux camp), Docker container, K8S (Kubernetes), etc.

Cloud technology brings opportunities for CPU switching and the introduction of ARM servers in the core network, which will be discussed later.


?Chapter 6: The Birth of Hongmeng RTOS

As you can see, Huawei’s OS has undergone independent development, RTOS development based on pSOS and VxWorks microkernel, and macro kernel development based on open source embedded Linux, which has laid a strong technical foundation and understanding for the birth of Hongmeng.

There is a person who is very crucial, his name is Wang Chenglu. He was first the president of the core network product line, and he accumulated experience on the core network OS (realized RTOS based on embedded Linux). Then he was transferred to the president of the central software department of the 2012 laboratory, and started Hongmeng’s research. There is a conversation between Ren Zhengfei and the staff of the 2012 laboratory on the Internet in 2012, indicating that Huawei developed the mobile operating system to be a "spare tire". The question was asked by Li Jinxi from the end point OS development department of the Euler Laboratory of the Central Software Institute under the 2012 laboratory, responsible for building the end point operating system capability for consumer BG.

Wang Chenglu ended up as president of software at Consumer BG. His article "The Past of Huawei’s Mobile Operating System" mentioned that Huawei’s optimized F2FS file system has overcome the traditional fragmentation of Android and has been absorbed by Google’s Android system. "Born fast, life fast". File systems are an important part of mobile and PC operating systems.

Notes: At the developer conference on August 9, Wang Chenglu released EMUI 10

Mr. Ren Zhengfei has an incisive quote about the Hongmeng operating system: We have thousands of (note: types) circuit boards, and all circuit boards must have an operating system. Hongmeng operating system is an operating system for determining the delay system. The end-to-end processing delay of the system is accurate to 5 milliseconds, or even lower milliseconds or even sub-milliseconds, and the control is only this hour delay, which is useful for the automatic production of the Internet of Things. For example, unmanned driving, the delay of gear turning is a few milliseconds. If it is inaccurate, otherwise this gear has come, and that gear has not come, it will not be able to bite. We are an operating system for the interconnection of all things and the future of intelligent society.

From Mr. Ren Zhengfei’s words, it can be seen that Hongmeng may also be used in system equipment in the future.


???Chapter 7: Huawei Operating System Group Fangpu

On the basis of the OS of the core network, Huawei’s operating system has blossomed, linking all three major BGs (operators, enterprises, consumers including mobile phones) and two major BUs (cloud computing, automobiles) of Huawei’s business.

In the group portrait of the Chinese operating system I described last year, Huawei’s serialized operating system has been listed, and the supplementary summary is as follows:

1. Router and data communication switching operating system: VRP (universal routing platform), which is another main line of Huawei OS

In 1996, Huawei’s C & C08 was selling well, and Huawei had food in its warehouse. It began research and development of data communication at the Beijing Research Institute.

Huawei’s VRP should be based on Wind River’s VxWorks microkernel to develop a real-time operating system. Tornado is a real-time operating system (RTOS) development environment launched by Wind River, similar to Microsoft Visual C, but provides richer debugging, simulation environment and tools. There is also a peer pSOS, which was later acquired by Wind River.

On January 23, 2003, Cisco accused Huawei of infringement in the United States. During the litigation process, it was found that Huawei’s VRP system was much smaller and more efficient than Cisco’s IOS.

Coincidentally, Cisco’s IOS is actually a real-time operating system based on the QNX kernel.

A few years ago, the core network OS used the open source embedded Linux core to achieve RTOS, Huawei data communication VRP has also adopted embedded Linux core.

In mobile communication, there is a very important field: PS domain (packet switching system), such as GGSN/SGSN, etc., the function is to handle IP data packaging and switching in 3G/4G/5G systems. Now everyone uses mobile phones basically to travel traffic instead of making calls, so the PS domain is getting bigger and bigger. PS is closely related to RAN (radio access network, base station, etc.), so Huawei has directly classified PS in the wireless product line (RAN) for many years.

Huawei’s 3G/4G/5G PS domain is based on its own data communication switch, so it has also used VxWorks’ microkernel.

In August 2018, the UK’s security review of Huawei’s system concluded that the VxWorks system adopted by Huawei would not be able to obtain security patches and upgrades after 2020, posing a security risk.

But in reality, this is not a problem.

On the one hand, Huawei’s data communication switch has developed its own RTOS based on embedded Linux kernel. Even for Wind River, the official website also introduces the success story of BT’s RAN (radio access network) using Wind River’s embedded Linux. On the other hand, Hongmeng’s microkernel can also be used as a spare tire.

2. Cloud computing operating system: Fusion Sphere.Initially using the XEN virtualization engine, it is now moving towards KVM.

3. Server operating systemWhat is it?EulerOS,It is about to open source and make progress together with the world.

4. IoT embedded operating system: LiteOS.Super lightweight, already open-source.

"AIoT is the development direction of IoT, and IoT needs AI to enhance its value. 5G is a bridge connecting AI and IoT. Its high bandwidth, high reliability, low latency and large connection open up a wider application field of AIoT."

5. Automotive and driverless operating systems: Hongmeng.Yu Chengdong announced that Hongmeng Open Source is the best way to absorb global wisdom through open source.

6. Smartphone, TV operating system: Hongmeng.This has been talked about a lot.

7. Ark Compiler.The Ark compiler is not the operating system itself, but on the one hand, it can improve the running efficiency of the compiled operating system program (mobile phones run faster), and on the other hand, it greatly facilitates the transfer of APP business to Hongmeng. The original Android application (APP) can be compiled through the Ark compiler and run on Hongmeng with only minor changes.

A flower alone is not spring. Huawei has cultivated many talents for the society for 30 years, and there are also many operating systems in the entrepreneurship department.

A. UCloud founded by Ji Xinhua is the only public cloud that has grown independently without relying on a big industry background. It became an instant hit because of the "Legend of Dota" mobile game cloud business. UCloud is the first in the public cloud to be developed based on the open-source KVM engine, even before Alibaba Cloud.

B. H3C was separated from the Huawei system. The VRP operating system has since "bloomed two flowers, one branch for each watch". The OS of the H3C system is named Comvare.

C, Univision was separated from Huasan, and Imos Inside is the trademark of Univision Security OS. Intel argued that Imos Inside infringed the trademark of Intel Inside, but failed to obtain the court’s support.

D. Jinghua Kexun founded by Zeng Haowen is the first independent desktop cloud OS in China, the first to adopt the KVM virtualization technology route, and successfully entered the army, army and air force.


????Chapter 8: If you master the operating system, you won’t be afraid of the CPU getting stuck

On May 15, Huawei was added to the Entity List, and Intel’s CPU supply to Huawei was temporarily cut off.

Veteran Dai Hui boldly predicted that this would not have a big impact on Huawei. Because after Huawei controls the operating system, the lower CPU can be flexibly switched.

In the field of data center (and cloud) servers, Intel holds more than 95% of the market share.

Due to historical reasons (the history has been introduced in this article), the current global telecom core network uses Intel’s x86 architecture general-purpose servers.

Because the telecom core network operating system is controlled by Huawei, and the upper-level business and ecosystem are also controlled by Huawei, servers in this field can be completely converted from the x86 architecture to the Arm architecture.

Huawei had to do this. On January 7 this year, Huawei released the first ARM architecture server CPU Kunpeng chip and Taishan server, and the publisher was Xu Wenwei. Through container technology, multiple Taishan servers (using Arm CPUs) can be formed into a large server cluster for use in the telecom core network.

Looking back Linux, the earliest version was only based on x86, and later it also supported various CPU architectures such as Arm, Power, and MIPS across platforms.

We will look at Tencent. WeChat’s server clusters are basically running Android and IOS ecosystems. Technically, Arm server clusters can also be used instead of the previous x86 server clusters.

In the field of telecom billing, Huawei has already had success stories.

In the early morning of July 19, 2019, after a tense and orderly cut-off, the software and hardware of Shandong Mobile’s billing CRM system were successfully replaced and upgraded, becoming the first operator to adopt a complete set of domestic self-developed software and hardware solutions in the core system, taking a solid step on the road of autonomy and control. Huawei’s self-developed series of IT software and hardware: TaiShan Taishan server based on Kunpeng 920, GaussDB Gaussian database, server operating system EulerOS.

Earlier, at the end of 2017, Academician Ni Guangnan disclosed that the Aerospace Science and Industry Group’s "secret network" was the largest national software and hardware information system at that time. It had deployed 20,000 national desktop computers, provided Cloud as a Service by domestic servers including "Aerospace Kunlun Database All-in-One Computer", and introduced a secure mobile phone using the Aerospace Yuanxin mobile operating system to support mobile office.

For personal computers, Intel also faces the challenge of Arm. Last summer, in the Microsoft store in Silicon Valley, I saw Qualcomm’s Arm-based CPUs, plus Microsoft Windows, and Lenovo Lenevo-built laptops that support always on. HiSilicon has also recently started to make CPUs based on the Arm architecture for laptops, looking forward to it.


?Conclusion: Innovation never ends

At the graduation ceremony of Southeast University in 2019, Xu Wenwei, who forged Huawei’s first chip and first OS, made a speech:

"What Huawei has been insisting on since its establishment is innovation. Over the past 30 years, Huawei’s success has been based on technological innovation and engineering innovation based on customer needs, solution innovation to help customers succeed, and commercial success. We call this innovation Huawei Innovation 1.0. With the rapid development of the information industry for more than 50 years, both theory and engineering have encountered development bottlenecks. We need theoretical breakthroughs, and we need innovation from 0 to 1.

"Huawei has officially announced its entry into Innovation 2.0. The core of Innovation 2.0 is theoretical breakthroughs based on vision and the invention of basic technologies. One of the sources of theoretical breakthroughs and basic technological inventions is academia.

Getting started is not enough? LaVida’s new time limit is 79,900 "freezing point price", which breaks the entry threshold.

  To meet the scorching summer, LaVida Xinrui, the "new national quality family car" of SAIC Volkswagen, will launch the summer freezing point price from now on. Before August 31, 2023, it will be reduced by 20,000 yuan and 79,900 yuan within a limited time, and on the basis of the original "entry is high", the threshold will be further lowered and it will become the king of cost performance that no one in its class can match.

Getting started is not enough? LaVida's cutting-edge limited time is 79,900 "freezing point price", which breaks the entry threshold _fororder_image001

  Buy "new" and not buy the old one for less than 80 thousand, and you can have Volkswagen’s latest boutique sedan.

  In recent years, there are few new faces in the entry-level sedan market, and LaVida Xinrui, as a brand-new product, just went on the market in June this year. LaVida Xinrui is based on the brand-new MQB platform of Volkswagen Group, and adopts brand-new young design, adopting the same starry front face design of LaVida family, lattice energy star drilling lower grille and penetrating dynamic upper grille, which satisfies users’ pursuit of high value. LaVida Xinrui also launched a brand-new body color, such as "dopamine color" such as turquoise blue and cat’s eye blue. After going out of the street, the rate of turning back is extremely high, which easily captures the hearts of young people.

Getting started is not enough? LaVida's cutting-edge limited time is 79,900 "freezing point price", which breaks the entry threshold _fororder_image002

  Getting started is not enough? 79,900 "freezing point price" lowered the entry threshold again.

  In addition to the attractive appearance, LaVida’s cutting-edge entry model is also fully equipped, which can be called "entry is high", and then superimposed this time, it will drop by 20,000 yuan, which will bring users a sense of value directly.

  LaVida is not only equipped with LED headlights as standard, but also equipped with an 8-inch LCD instrument and an 8-inch central control panel, which is very scientific and technological; Users can also use wireless CarPlay to maximize the use habits of smart phones; Digital parking radar, ramp assist system, cruise control and other practical driving assistance functions make driving easier.

Getting started is not enough? LaVida's new time limit is 79,900 "freezing point price", which breaks the entry threshold _fororder_image003

  In terms of safety, LaVida Xinrui not only adopts a high-rigidity safety body, but also comes standard with 6 airbags, IQ. Drive intelligent driving butler and other active and passive safety systems. The standard AEB automatic emergency braking system can improve the overall driving safety.

Getting started is not enough? LaVida's cutting-edge limited time is 79,900 "freezing point price", which breaks the entry threshold _fororder_image004

  Superimposed high-value repurchase daily car cost is less than a cup of milk tea.

  Now, if you buy LaVida Xinrui, you can not only buy it at a price of less than 80,000 yuan, but also enjoy a high-value repurchase of 15% for two years/20% for three years *, an increase/replacement subsidy of 3,000 yuan for old customers, and a loan policy of 0 interest rate for up to two years. The average daily car cost (about 15 yuan) is less than a cup of milk tea. After three years, you can exchange it for a new SAIC Volkswagen car at an affordable price. How to calculate it is very cost-effective.

Getting started is not enough? LaVida's cutting-edge limited time is 79,900 "freezing point price", which breaks the entry threshold _fororder_image005

  LaVida Xinrui inherits the excellent DNA of the LaVida family, and has a brand-new face value, leapfrog configuration and comprehensive safety guarantee. It was originally a rare high-quality all-round family sedan in the 100,000 yuan class, but now it allows users to start with 79,900, which is really a big surprise in summer freezing point. (Photo: provided by SAIC Volkswagen)

"Students" and "mothers" became new protest forces, and Abe’s security bill was denounced by the whole people.

Among the protesters, the "mothers" and "students" are the most concerned. Oriental IC diagram

In the drizzle in Tokyo, mothers hold their children’s hands and stand on the street in front of the National Assembly.

On August 30, 2015, about 120,000 people in Tokyo, the capital of Japan, gathered in front of the National Assembly Hall to oppose Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and his security bill.

This demonstration included all Japanese citizens of all ages, from babies in the arms of their mothers, students in school uniforms to white-haired old people, and there were also family forms of dragging their children with their daughters. Among the protesters, the "mothers" and "students" are the most concerned. These two groups of people, who usually pay little attention to politics, have now become emerging forces against Shinzo Abe and the security bill.

In addition to ordinary Japanese nationals, men, women and children, there are also many voices of opposition in Japanese politics. Five former prime ministers have collectively voiced their voices a few days ago, criticizing Abe and its security law. Representatives of the four major opposition parties also strongly condemned the Abe government in the protests on the 30 th.

It is reported that the protest on the 30th spread over more than 300 places in Japan, which was the largest organized and planned civil street protest against the government in Japanese history.

The Awakening of "Mother Family" and "Student Family"

On August 30, in the drizzle in Tokyo, mothers stood on the street in front of the National Assembly holding their children’s hands to protest against the security bill that may be passed by the Senate in September. According to this bill, the constitution will be reinterpreted to expand the role of the Japanese Self-Defense Force.

Some of the demonstrators held anti-war slogans in their hands, while young students chanted slogans against Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and his national defense policy along with the drums. In addition to holding the usual slogans such as "opposing the war", "protecting the Constitution" and "no collective self-defense" and shouting slogans, they also appeared the big-character theme slogan "Abe steps down".

According to the Associated Press, in the past, most people who participated in protests in Japan were trade union members or white-haired leftists. But many new faces have appeared in the recent protests. Among the Tokyo citizens who participated in the "Great Action of Surrounding the National Assembly" on the 30th, many were ethnic groups who had not participated in the protests in the past.

The Associated Press said that Japanese people usually do not express their political positions in public places. As early as 1960s, Japanese college students held many demonstrations, some of which turned into violent incidents. Since then, the street rally protests of Japanese students have been greatly reduced.

After the Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011, a large number of people took to the streets in Japan to oppose nuclear weapons, including many "mothers". The Associated Press said that at least some of these anti-nuclear demonstrators now seem to have turned their focus to the debate on the security law.

Japan’s "Anti-war Mothers" organization was established last month, which quickly attracted many supporters through international social networking sites. At present, 20,000 people have jointly signed against the security law. On August 28, the organization tried to hand over the joint signature to Abe’s office, but failed.

Etsuko Matsuda, a 40-year-old member of "Anti-war Mothers", told the Associated Press without any worries that she had seen too many things going in the wrong direction, including the Fukushima nuclear disaster and the recent restart of nuclear power plants in Japan.

"I think there are more and more people like me, and we know that under the administration of Abe’s government, our life will only get worse." "I hope more people are interested in politics and can stand up and speak freely."

Japanese "mothers" and "students" who are usually not interested in politics have now taken to the streets. With the addition of new groups and the help of online social media, the street political movement in Japan has gradually changed more.

However, it is still unknown whether these growing and expanding demonstration groups can lead to significant social changes. A few days ago, the anti-nuclear demonstrations have gradually subsided, and once the security bill is formally passed by the Senate in September, whether the demonstrations and assemblies against the security law will also suffer the same fate has attracted a lot of attention.

Former Japanese Prime Minister and opposition party collectively voiced Abe.

Japan’s "Daily News" reported on August 30th that five former Japanese Prime Ministers, Hosokawa Morihiro, Tsutomu Hata, Tomiichi Murayama, Yukio Hatoyama and Naoto Kan, voiced their voices one after another a few days ago, criticizing Abe for ignoring national demands, undermining Japanese constitutionalism and amending the "right to collective self-defense" and demanding that he immediately withdraw the security bill.

A group of 50 old Japanese journalists held a press conference to publicize the suggestions made by five former Japanese prime ministers to Shinzo Abe.

Hosokawa Morihiro, the former prime minister, said that Abe’s government’s lifting of the ban on collective self-defense by amending the constitutional interpretation showed its "lack of respect for constitutionalism" and demanded the withdrawal of the security bill.

Former Prime Minister Tsutomu Hata said, "The right of collective self-defense is absolutely not allowed, and Article 9 of the Constitution is a promise made by Japan to the international community that it will not go the wrong way again".

Former Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama criticized Abe, saying that "it is necessary to strengthen the provisions limiting the implementation of the right of collective self-defense in the Constitution". Lushan also asked Abe to make a correct decision, from "building a war country" to "building a peaceful country."

Tomiichi Murayama, the former prime minister, criticized Abe for "unforgivable attitude of forcibly passing the bill by dint of large numbers and despising the people" and called for "saving Japan from Abe".

Naoto Kan, the former Prime Minister of the Democratic Party, criticized Abe for giving priority to the future of Japanese nationals in realizing his grandfather’s will, accusing Abe of "violating constitutionalism and being unqualified to be the prime minister of a democratic country" and demanding Abe’s resignation.

According to South Korea’s "Chosun Ilbo" report, in addition to the five former prime ministers, Japan’s four major opposition parties also collectively voiced their condemnation of Abe and its security laws.

At the rally on 30th, Katsuya Okada, representative of the Democratic Party of Japan, shii kazuo, chairman of communist party, Tadashi Yoshida, leader of the Social Democratic Party, Ichiro Ozawa, representative of Life Party and Tar? Yamamoto and their partners, delivered speeches at the rally respectively. Four opposition party representatives once again criticized the security bill and called for unity to overthrow the Abe regime and withdraw the security bill.

In addition, Ryuichi Sakamoto, a Japanese composer, and other famous people also delivered speeches saying, "This is an important period to regain democracy" and encouraged the demonstration team.

The demonstration participant, 73-year-old Masanobu Matsuda, said loudly, "The government should know the anger of the people."

According to the BBC report, the "Great Action of Surrounding the National Assembly" on the 30th attracted about 120,000 people to gather in front of the Tokyo National Assembly Hall, exceeding their original target of 100,000 people. More than 300 places in major cities such as Osaka, Nagoya and Fukuoka also held rallies at the same time. However, the number of people counted by the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department is "more than 30,000".

With regard to future planning, the General Action Implementation Committee, which is in charge of demonstrations, told BBC reporters that "in the future, not only protests will last until September 25th every weekend, but also lectures, concerts, photo exhibitions and other activities will be held in various places. We also hope to take advantage of the public’s awareness that it is an important political choice period after the war, and continue to advocate peace, anti-nuclear and other related activities."

According to a survey conducted by Asahi TV on August 22nd and 23rd, 22% of the respondents were in favor of the security bill and 55% were against it, while 60% of the respondents thought it was unnecessary to set it up in this session of Congress. With the rise of public opinion against the security bill, the major Japanese polls have one thing in common: the support rate of the Abe regime continues to fall.

[Night reading] Have big dreams, but also have small goals.

eight

  CCTV News:School begins! Have you set a goal for yourself in the new school year? To succeed, instead of talking about big dreams every day, it is better to implement "small goals" in a down-to-earth manner. Small goals are like stops in your dream journey. They are not as far away as the destination. Every time you reach one, it indicates that you are closer to success. Tonight, let’s talk about how to achieve big dreams by achieving "small goals".

  Achieving the goal by stages

  Excerpt from "Yu Minhong talks about entrepreneurship"

  Have a goal.

  You won’t hesitate, shake or get confused.

  "Why can you succeed?" He said nine words: "Have a goal, hold your horses, and do it quietly."

  A reporter once asked Lu Guanqiu, a famous entrepreneur in China and Wanxiang Group, "Why did you succeed?" He said nine words: "Have a goal, hold your horses, and do it quietly." He is an entrepreneur from a pure peasant background, and he is also the only entrepreneur of that generation who has not failed for more than 30 years. He started as a small company and later became Wanxiang Group, and he used these nine words to describe all the successful methods.

  Having a goal means having a dream in your heart and wanting to realize it. If you can’t find a job, start looking for a job tomorrow. This is happiness, because there are goals to pursue. If you have a job, you want to become a department manager, vice president and president of the company, which is also the goal; If you want to start a business and do great things by yourself, these are all goals. With a goal, you won’t hesitate, shake or get confused. Every day, you wake up and feel that you have something to do.

eight

  Have big dreams

  There must be practical "small goals"

  Step by step

  You will succeed in the end.

  A person wants to be Bill Gates from the beginning, and a philosophy student wants to surpass Hegel from the beginning. Such a person may eventually accomplish nothing.

  In reality, the reason why people do things halfway is often not because it is difficult, but because they feel that success is too far away. Many enterprises go out of business, not because their goals are too big to be achieved, but because they don’t set phased goals for themselves.

five

  Divide the long-term goal into several easy-to-achieve stage goals. Every time you reach a stage goal, you will experience a "feeling of success". This "feeling" will strengthen the self-confidence of entrepreneurs and promote entrepreneurs to steadily tap their potential to achieve the next goal.

  A person’s dream is the same, it can be realized in two years or ten years, and there is no essential difference between two years and ten years. When there is such a goal there, what we have to do is to make a calculation of myself, how far I am from that goal and how long it will take me to get to … …

  However, many people’s consistency and analysis between themselves and their goals are very insufficient, and the result of this insufficiency is that this goal can never be achieved.

  A person wants to be Bill Gates from the beginning, and a philosophy student wants to surpass Hegel from the beginning. Such a person may eventually accomplish nothing.

seven

  People should constantly create a sense of accomplishment for themselves, and they can have this sense of accomplishment by setting stage goals.

  Once you have a goal, you should achieve it in stages. If your goal is to climb Mount Everest, if you climb it now, you will fall down when you climb to 6000 meters, and you must die. You need to climb step by step. You have to go through three to four years of climbing training, starting with climbing 2000 meters, then climbing higher mountains, first climbing empty-handed, then climbing with a backpack, and finally climbing Mount Everest. Wang Shi climbed many snow-capped mountains. He climbed all the snow-capped mountains on several continents before climbing Mount Everest.

  Yu Minhong believes that people should constantly create a sense of accomplishment for themselves, and they can have this sense of accomplishment by setting phased goals. After the failure of studying abroad, Yu Minhong re-determined a realistic small goal, that is, to earn some money to support his family.

six

  "The goal of making money is very ordinary, but the key is to see what you think about making money. For example, some people want to make a lot of money when they come up without any ability, and they want to make a big career without any foundation. It will definitely not work and will not succeed. Therefore, it is very important to treat your ability correctly.

  My goal at that time was very simple, that is, to earn 30 yuan a day, because I had a class once a day, and a class was 30 yuan at that time. But when I reached the goal of earning 30 yuan a day, I began to think of higher goals. Later, I took classes twice a day and earned 60 yuan a day. Later, I saw someone else running a training class and earning 600 yuan a day, so I thought whether I should try it, because my ability seemed to be no worse than others, so I also started my own training class. This is the spirit of progress day by day, and this is the spirit of ants moving Mount Tai. I would be scared to death if I were allowed to start a new Oriental school at the present scale from the beginning. "

seven

  Do anything, no matter how difficult, as long as you do it in a few steps, you will succeed.

  Any high goal can be divided into many small goals to achieve. Even if you can’t achieve the highest goal at once, you can finally achieve it by moving forward step by step. The realization of every goal is to prepare for your next higher goal.

  Do anything, no matter how difficult, as long as you do it in a few steps, you will succeed.

  Yu Minhong said: "People should have this grand ideal, but more importantly, they should know how to do every step to realize this ideal."

  "Every step I make can be realized, whether it is three years or two years. Usually, I can think clearly about these steps and do them step by step … …”

seven

  This article is excerpted from Yu Minhong’s Talk about Entrepreneurship (author Yang Chenshuo, press: Haitian Publishing House), Part I, Breaking down Big Goals into Small Goals and Realizing Goals by Stages, with pictures from the Internet.

  Have you ever

  Have set many small goals.

  But because you are lazy, you can’t finish it?

  With the goal, how to ensure the implementation in place?

  one

  The goal is simple and clear, and it is refined into daily fixed actions.

nine

  A goal is more likely to become a reality if it can be transformed into a fixed action that can be completed every day.

  2

  Don’t underestimate your laziness, find a small partner to supervise you.

nine

  Sharing a plan with others is easier to stick to, and the degree of peer support will affect the success rate of the plan. Find a small partner to supervise or carry out the plan with you.
 
  three

  Change the environment in which the plan is implemented and remove the obstacles that hinder your action.

eight

  In order to achieve the goal, it is necessary to create a suitable environment. Adjust part of the daily environment to support the formation of new habits.
 
  four

  Focus on one goal and do only one thing at a time.

nine

  Try to concentrate on one thing, concentrate on one thing at a time, and think deeply about the solution, and you will find that things become very simple.
 
  five

  Old and new habits are bound together, and new habits can be developed quickly.

nine

  If you want to cultivate new habits, you might as well try to bind new habits with old ones, which can help new habits develop faster.

  six

  Give the new plan a 30-day probation period to get rid of inadaptability and imperfection.

nine

  Not all the plans made are perfect. Give yourself a 30-day probation period, try to get used to it and adjust your goals, which will make it easier to complete the plan.

  seven

  Encourage yourself with the results and imagine the moment of completion.

nine

  If you can’t keep your motivation, focus on what you will achieve in the end. After losing weight, you will be admired for your off the charts or your guitar skills … … When you are lazy, use these beautiful results to motivate yourself to achieve your goals.
 
  eight

  Force yourself to remind yourself to stay away from all excuses.

nine

  If you are afraid that you will forget your plan next week, set a message on your mobile phone to remind yourself, or write down your goal with a pen on the bathroom mirror without giving yourself any chance to make excuses or relax.
 
  nine

  Let’s move now!

nine

  Set a goal, act immediately, and start working towards it now!

  (This part is entirely from the Internet, and the illustrations are from the artist Mohan Khare.)

The road of animation, the national wind is very busy! The winter vacation film list of the movie channel was released wonderfully.


Special feature of 1905 film network The winter vacation is getting closer and closer, and the "God beast" will be released soon. Are you ready? There are resident animation stars such as Pleasant Goat, Big Big Wolf, Xiong Da and Xiong Er waiting for the Lunar New Year in the cinema, and they also need to be accompanied by animation stars at home, so that the "beasts" can have a happy and fulfilling holiday.


In recent years, animated films based on traditional cultural elements have continued to be hot. It is better to follow our topic "Animation Road, National Style is Busy" and have an open aesthetic education class with my family to reserve spiritual food for my children during the winter vacation.


At that time, a national craze was set off;Win favor with hand-drawn animation;Broaden the boundary of animation theme with alternative painting style;Break the ceiling of animated film box office;Deconstructing the story of deity with grand narrative … …



On the animation road, Guofeng is very busy. When the strong Chinese style keeps blowing into the animation lens, the dazzling chapter of the animation story of China’s national style has just begun … …


Ink age


Chinese-style animated films reflect the regional characteristics of China and are the expression style of China culture. Just a few minutes of animation has both the extension of China elements and the connotation of traditional culture.



From 1941, when China introduced the first Chinese-style animation, to the emergence of a large number of Chinese-style animation, Chinese-style animation films had a large number of excellent works in the early prosperity stage.


Make a scene in heaven


During this period, ink animation occupied a large proportion. Shanghai Animation Film Studio’s classic ink animation, such as Mu Di and Shan Shui Qing, is a famous sign in history of animation, China.



At that time, Japanese animated film director Gao Tianxun also mentioned in an interview that "China’s ink and wash cartoons amazed us. It can be said that our works with more blank space are influenced by it. "



With "Little Tadpole Looking for Mom" winning international awards (special award for short film in the 4th Angxi International Animation Festival in France, honorary award in the 4th Cannes International Film Festival, etc.), ink and wash animation, an animation type full of strong Chinese style, has gained international reputation.



In addition to ink painting, Shanghai Animation Film Studio also created many animation types such as paper-cutting, puppet and origami. Together with ink painting animation, they created a moderns in history of animation, China.



It can be seen that the Chinese style animation at that time was still in the extension stage closely combined with China elements, and the picture style of ink animation "emphasizing artistic conception and neglecting narrative" was also difficult to adapt to the rapidly developing market demand.



In the 1990s, when high-quality ink animation was lacking, many overseas animation brands such as Disney and Ghibli continued to develop, and a large number of foreign animations flooded into China, and domestic animation gradually lost its own language. This period was defined by Qian Jianping, director of the American Film Factory as "the transition period for China animation to start again".


The rise of national wind


Compared with the technical experience and talent accumulation required by live-action movies, the rise of animated movies needs more detailed and long efforts.



In 1999, animated films became the last swan song of China traditional fine arts films. This film exhausted the domestic gold lineup at that time, trying to help domestic animation turn the tide.



However, this well-made work, based on China’s classical mythology, failed to conceal the reality of the decline of the industry at that time. The box office record of "Lotus Lantern" of 20 million RMB actually lasted for ten years.It is precisely because of this that the Return of the Great Sage of Journey to the West released in 2015 rekindled the enthusiasm inside and outside the animation industry in China.



The box office of 956 million RMB, full of national flavor, not only makes the animation industry regroup, but also makes people re-examine the significance of Chinese style to animation.



After success, some business giants began to step into the strategic layout of animated film production.There are those who choose Sino-foreign joint ventures and introduce foreign advanced technology animation teams, such as Chinese enterprises and American DreamWorks Animation.eastDreamWorks launched a co-production in 2016.;



Some people choose to start their own businesses independently. For example, Wei Wang, the founder of Tudou, set up "light-chasing animation" and launched many national animation works since 2014.



Some people choose to integrate resources. For example, Light Film "Striped House" invested in many animation studios scattered all over the country to jointly create the "China Myth Series" animation film universe.



In addition, Internet giants such as Alibaba Pictures and Iqiyi Pictures have also begun to make plans for animated film production. With the change of the general environment, Chinese style animation has also begun to usher in a stage of constantly bringing surprises to the audience.The Big Fish Begonia, released in 2016, won the audience’s favor with hand-painted animation with unique Chinese style and won 560 million yuan at the box office.



In 2017, the "Great Protector" with a fierce style and a different style of painting added a unique color to Guofeng animation.



In 2019, Guofeng animation ushered in an outbreak, and Ne Zha lifted the ceiling of animated film box office to an unprecedented height.



White Snake: The Origin tells a traditional story in a modern way.



Reproduce the unique original thinking of China’s two-dimensional animation.



Most importantly, young animation creators have summed up a truth from the ensuing praise: a good story is the most important criterion to judge whether a national animation is excellent or not.


Like the stars


In 2020, the film market was greatly impacted by the sudden epidemic, and Legend of Deification changed files successively. When the film industry resumed, these two national style animations met the audience again.



Although the two films have different reputations, it is undeniable that Legend of Deification showed the super-high level of China’s animation technology with extremely exquisite painting style.



"Mr Miao" broadens the expression boundary and ideological depth of national style animation with unique painting style. China’s animated films not only show better production quality, but also gradually form a cultural character with oriental characteristics.



In the vast universe to be explored, some "stars" have already revealed their light. The unreleased film list is like a small nebula, which is the next direction of Guofeng animation.One of Legend of Deification’s ending eggsDeep seaWith the mysterious underwater world as the story background, the painting style is soft, but it is a sci-fi suspense type work;



It is a subversive remolding of Nezha’s story to take the time background after three thousand years of trouble in the sea;



Created by the original crew of The Return of the Great Sage to the Journey to the West, the story line is still a brand-new interpretation of the story of the Journey to the West before the sequel;



Also released a poster full of ink and wash style, intended to subvert the fate of the previous series … …



It can be seen that these national style animations strive for breakthroughs in both animation style exploration and technical production level. Fortunately, China animation has found a suitable way, and only needs to complete each creation with peace of mind in the passage of time.Starting from this week, WeChat official account, a movie channel, will recommend a weekly list of films for you in winter vacation. I wish you a happy winter vacation in advance!


Today’s football: Paris Saint-Germain vs Montpellier Jiafu Fenglin vs Kumamoto Crimson.

Paris saint germain vs Montpellier

Recent situation of Paris Saint-Germain:Paris Saint-Germain scored 6 wins, 3 draws and 1 loss in 10 rounds this season, with 21 points temporarily ranked second. Paris Saint-Germain tied for the most goals and conceded the second least in the first 10 rounds of Ligue 1 this season. The two sides have played in Ligue 1 for nearly 10 times, and Paris Saint-Germain has scored 9 wins and 1 loss. Recently, it has scored 8 consecutive games and scored at least 2 goals per game.

Last season, we won Paris Saint-Germain with a score of 5-2 at home. In the last round of Ligue 1, we won the middle and lower reaches team brest with a score of 3-2 away. We scored four consecutive goals in all competitions and scored three goals in each game. Previously, all the competitions scored four consecutive points at home, and conceded 12-0, including Ligue 1 winning Marseille 4-0.

Recent situation in Montpellier:Montpellier has scored 4 wins, 3 draws and 3 losses in 10 rounds of this season, ranking sixth with 15 points. Montpellier scored the third most goals in the first 10 rounds of Ligue 1 this season, averaging 1.9 goals per game. Montpellier striker Adams scored 7 goals in 10 appearances in Ligue 1 this season, ranking second in the top spot. Montpellier won Toulouse, the middle and lower reaches team, with a score of 3-0 at home in the last round of Ligue 1. While winning 3 wins and 1 loss in the last four rounds, Montpellier won 3 wins and 2 draws in the last six rounds, but failed to win only one game. Montpellier scored at least three goals in three times in the last four rounds of Ligue 1, but his opponents were generally not strong. Montpellier lost 0-2 to Nantes, the middle and lower reaches team, in the last Ligue 1 away game, and failed to win the tournament for the first time in nearly three away games.

This game: At the home of Paris Saint-Germain, the team has scored consecutive points against Paris Saint-Germain in the last three times. Personally, I think Paris Saint-Germain is expected to score all three points.

Jiafu fenglin vs Kumamoto crimson

Recent situation of Jiafu Fenglin:Jiafu Fenglin failed to win only one of the last 11 races, but as many as six games were tied. Jiafu Fenglin’s ability to have the ball at home in the first half has improved a lot, with as many as 9 games at home in nearly 10 races. In recent years, Jiafu Fenglin failed to win Kumamoto Crimson in only one of the 10 meetings, and achieved 5 wins and 4 draws in the rest. Jiafu Fenglin failed to win only one of the last 10 events, and the rest achieved 4 wins and 5 draws. Jiafu Fenglin’s recent ball path is too small, and he has played a small ball with his opponent for three consecutive games. Jiafu Fenglin’s home defense lags behind a lot. Only one of the last 10 matches won the game at home, and the home conceded goal rate of 1.6 per game is very high in Japan.

Recent situation of Kumamoto crimson:Kumamoto’s crimson ability has improved obviously, and all the league games have scored goals in the past 10 games. Kumamoto Crimson’s recent away performance has improved a lot. In the past four leagues, he won three away games, while the previous six away games failed to win the games. Kumamoto Crimson’s recent ball path is too big, and he has played a big ball with his opponent for three consecutive games. Kumamoto Crimson failed to win 6 of the last 10 events, and achieved 1 draw and 5 losses. Kumamoto Crimson’s away game against Jiafu Fenglin is at a great disadvantage. In the history, the eight leagues only scored 2 draws and 6 losses, and the team failed to win the game.

This field: Personally, I think Kumamoto Crimson has great hope of winning this round of competition.