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How to use proof in evidence review and fact finding？

editorial comment/note　The Supreme People’s Procuratorate’s "2018-2022 Procuratorial Reform Work Plan" emphasizes that the criminal accusation system with evidence as the core should be improved and the working mechanism of evidence review and judgment should be improved. Proof is an important method of evidence review and judgment, which runs through the whole process of fact finding. In this issue of "Views and Topics", legal experts and procuratorial experts are invited to discuss the theme of "How to use proof in evidence review and fact determination", so please pay attention.

Proof: Theory, Rules and Innovation

Professor and doctoral supervisor of Sichuan University   Long Zongzhi

Proving the facts of a case through mutual corroboration of evidence is a basic way of ascertaining the facts, which is universal. But for a long time, China criminal procedure has put special emphasis on corroboration and proof, which can be said to form a proof mode. For example, the word "confirmation" is widely used in judgment documents and judicial documents. Among the eight provisions of the "two evidence regulations" implemented in 2010, the word "confirmation" appeared 11 times; In 2012, the word "corroboration" appeared 10 times in seven articles on judicial interpretation of criminal procedure law in the Supreme People’s Court. The most recent example is Article 40 of the Supervision Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC), which was passed in March 2018. It requires the supervision organs to collect evidence and should form a "mutually corroborating, complete and stable chain of evidence". "Proof" has become a formal legal term.

The proposition and reform of the theory of "confirmation and proof mode" Based on the experience of handling cases in procuratorial work and the thinking and comparative study after I became a professor, I wrote the article "Proof and Free Evaluation of Evidence —— Proof Mode of Criminal Procedure in China" in 2004 and published it in Legal Research. The article holds that the criminal proof method in China is generally manifested as "confirmation proof mode" in practice, which is similar to the typical "free evaluation of evidence" in western countries, because the law does not determine the existence and size of the probative force of evidence in advance, so it also belongs to the type of free evaluation of evidence. However, in China’s criminal procedure, the objective verification between different evidences is particularly emphasized, that is, the "externality" of evidence is emphasized, and obtaining directly supported evidence is regarded as the key to proof. This is a basic feature of the proof mode. After 2004, domestic research began to prove that a large number of articles were published one after another. The practical and theoretical circles further promote the research and reflection on the confirmation model, including exploring its theory, analyzing its practical application and problems, and suggesting its reform direction. In 2017, I also published the article "A New Exploration of Confirmation Proof" in Legal Research, responding to some queries and putting forward some new views, including the reflection on the confirmation model and the way to reform it.

From the practical effect, the practical deduction of the verification model has indeed played an important and fundamental role in ensuring the quality of criminal cases. However, we should also see that in recent years, there is a tendency to overemphasize verification and simplify the application of verification, which has a negative impact on criminal proof. The main manifestations are: First, under the pressure of "confirmation mode", illegal evidence collection, forced confirmation, violation of "natural laws", and even artificial production of confirmation evidence. Second, under the influence of the "confirmation mode", it pays too much attention to the confirmation fact itself, ignores the coordination between the confirmation fact and other factual evidence of the case, and ignores the "comprehensive verification". Third, ignoring the function of evaluation of evidence, violating the law of proof, and having a negative impact on judicial practice. Specifically, judicial personnel are afraid and not good at making evaluation analysis in litigation practice, so some cases that have the conditions for finalization according to the appearance of the evidence system but have inherent reasonable doubts are improperly finalized. On the other hand, for some cases that are sufficient to establish evaluation evidence, but the evidence of the whole case is not confirmed to a high degree, or some important circumstances are slightly lacking, they dare not prosecute or make a guilty verdict, which hinders the crackdown on crimes. These drawbacks are not the inherent problems of the method of proof, but the result of excessive and improper application of the method of proof by criminal proof.

In view of the above disadvantages, we should improve the proof method and change the proof method. However, due to the introduction of "excluding reasonable doubt" in the revision of the Criminal Procedure Law, the establishment of judicial responsibility system in judicial reform, and the promotion of "trial-centered" and "substantive trial" in criminal proceedings, certain conditions have been met for the reform of the confirmation model. Content of reform: First, adhere to the leading role of confirmation. Under the given conditions such as the reliability of evidence sources, corroborative evidence review undoubtedly has a more important methodological position than single evidence review. Therefore, we should adhere to the verification method as the main method to examine the authenticity and legality of individual evidence, and at the same time adhere to the verification method as the main method to determine the facts of a case, that is, to judge the facts comprehensively. The second is to strengthen the function of heart syndrome. It is necessary to establish subjective standards in criminal proof. That is to say, the proof standard of "the facts of the case are clear and the evidence is true and sufficient" is explained and enriched by "excluding reasonable doubt". Secondly, we need to strengthen the inference of indirect evidence and indirect facts to the main facts of the case, and strengthen the application of empirical rules. It is also possible to adjust the proof requirements and even the proof standards of some cases. For example, the proof requirements of objective proof can be appropriately reduced and the standard of evaluation of evidence can be adopted to finalize the case. The third is to pay attention to the role of pursuing evidence. Strengthening the pursuit of corroboration evidence group, especially the main sources of evidence, and conducting a comprehensive and effective review of evidence sources and evidence formation methods to ensure their reliability and prevent evidence distortion are the key links in the application of corroboration proof methods.The fourth is to play the role of verification. The facts required to be verified should be able to be verified, so that they can be reasonably embedded in the overall evidence structure. Including the corroborating facts formed by witness, that is, subjective evidence, which can be verified by objective evidence or objective facts; The partial confirmation of facts should be coordinated with the overall factual evidence of the case.

Theoretical explanation of proof. Proof is proved by comparing different information, which emphasizes the "consistency" of evidence information. Proof also refers to the relationship and state of proof formed by this method. The key to the validity of confirmation is identity, that is, the identity of information contained in different evidences. The identity mentioned here includes the identity and coincidence of information, as well as the identity and coordination of information.

Proof can be divided into two types: one is suitable for fact judgment and the other is suitable for evidence judgment. In fact judgment, all the facts to be proved can be confirmed and proved. Therefore, the scope of proof includes substantive law facts, procedural law facts and evidence facts. Evidence judgment refers to the judgment of objectivity and legality of evidence, because it is difficult for a single evidence to prove itself to be true and legitimate, so it is suitable to prove it. The judgment of evidence relevance mainly depends on experience perception. Professor Waltz said: the relevance of evidence depends on a feeling, which is easy to identify and difficult to describe. In some cases, it is necessary to emphasize proof. This is mainly in the case of difficulties in proof, such as judging the reliability of witness. The judicial interpretation of the Supreme Court has made special provisions on the proof of evidence. For example: First, when the defendant recants his confession and the witness recants his testimony, the evidence is accepted with emphasis on confirmation. Second, the acceptance of special testimony pays attention to confirmation. For example, statements, testimonies and confessions made by victims, witnesses and defendants who have physical and mental defects and have certain difficulties in understanding and expressing the facts of the case, but have not lost their ability to correctly understand and express; Testimony in favor of the defendant made by witnesses who have kinship or other close relationships with the defendant, or testimony against the defendant made by witnesses who have conflicts of interest with the defendant. This special testimony can only be adopted if it is confirmed by other evidence. Third, when there is no direct evidence and only indirect evidence is used to finalize the case, the requirements for confirmation are emphasized. Fourth, hidden evidence is found according to the confession, and the condition for finalizing the case is that the evidence confirms each other.Article 55 of the Criminal Procedure Law makes special requirements for the reinforcement (confirmation) of confession.

Evidence rules of corroboration. In judicial practice, the problems that should be paid attention to can be summarized into several rules by using the method of proof. The first is the information fit rule. Is to seek the consistency of information from different independent information sources. The same information and the same direction are the coincidence of evidence. To analyze the degree of conformity, we should pay attention to different types of cases, different evidence facts, such as the facts of constitutive requirements and sentencing, the facts against the defendant and the facts in favor of the defendant, and so on. The second is the rule of evidence reliability, or the rule of evidence quality. The most important and important thing to pay attention to is that the sources of evidence involved in verification are reliable. To ensure the reliability, we must follow the "natural law" of evidence acquisition, that is, to ensure the natural state of evidence information, and we must not artificially distort evidence information. The third is the rule of clear information. The evidence itself and the verification results should meet certain clarity requirements, and should not be vague and specious. The fourth is to confirm the thickness rule. There must be at least two independent sources of information for verification, but if a variety of independent evidence can verify each other, its verification effect is obviously higher. If the proof is relatively thin, it is still difficult to meet the proof standard. The fifth is the best evidence rule. The best evidence mainly talks about objective evidence, especially hidden evidence, which is the best evidence in confirmation. The sixth is the reasonable difference rule. Verification rules pay attention to information consistency, but don’t pursue consistency excessively. Excessive consistency and lack of differences do not conform to the law of the existence and development of things, and may be a "case made."The seventh is the overall coordination rule. To see whether the confirmed facts contradict other facts in the case and whether the confirmed evidence is reasonably embedded in the overall evidence structure. The eighth is the rule of excluding reasonable doubt. That is, the facts confirmed by the confirmation certificate should conform to the rules of experience, eliminate reasonable doubts and have reasonable acceptability. This is an internal test standard for mutual confirmation of evidence.

Combination of formal confirmation and substantive judgment

Prosecutor of the Second Branch of Beijing Municipal People’s Procuratorate   Du Miao

Proof of evidence refers to the state that two or more evidences completely overlap or partially cross in the factual information contained, that is, the factual information contained in the evidence has been mutually verified. Proof is a method of ascertaining the facts of a case, and proof methods and standards cannot be confused with each other. It is necessary not only to confirm the formal confirmation of the case evidence, but also to make a substantive judgment on whether the identified criminal facts can "exclude reasonable doubt": First, strictly examine the legality and objectivity of the criminal suspect’s confession; The second is to eliminate the contradiction between confession and other evidence or make a reasonable explanation; The third is to make a comprehensive judgment on whether the facts of the case conform to the rules of experience. Otherwise, even if the case evidence is confirmed on the surface, it does not mean that it has reached the "true and sufficient" proof standard.

Specifically, in judicial practice, the confirmation of evidence needs to be accurately grasped from the following aspects:

Proof of evidence does not rule out the existence of evidence contradiction. Evidence proof and evidence contradiction are two sides of the same coin. If the contents of evidence proof are "inconsistent", it means that there is contradiction between them. The evidence of a specific case is extremely complicated, and it is very likely that some of the contents of the suspect’s confession are mutually confirmed and some of them are contradictory to other evidence. This requires specific analysis of specific issues to judge whether it is a fundamental contradiction that can affect the conviction or a non-fundamental contradiction that does not affect the conviction. On the one hand, if the main content of the suspect’s confession is inconsistent with other evidence, it is necessary to exclude or give a reasonable explanation, otherwise a conclusion in favor of the suspect should be made; On the other hand, if the confession of the criminal suspect is consistent with the main plot reflected by other evidence, and only a few plots are inconsistent and will not affect the conviction, it can be confirmed that the criminal facts have been ascertained. In an ideal state, all contradictions in the evidence of the whole case should be eliminated one by one. It is worth noting that even if there are contradictions in the key evidence on which conviction and sentencing are based, attention should be paid to finding out the reasons and giving a reasonable explanation, otherwise it may turn into a fundamental contradiction that affects conviction.

Evidence can point to some criminal facts. Criminal facts usually have a process of crossing time and place, and criminal proceedings are a retrospective proof activity. Due to the influence of many factors such as evidence loss, sometimes only indirect evidence can be collected to prove a certain link of the crime, that is, the so-called evidence "connection point". In many cases, the confirmation of the suspect’s confession and other evidence can only be the confirmation of the "connection point". There is a "connection point" where confession and other evidence are mutually confirmed. In the same criminal fact, the more "connection points" of evidence, the stronger the authenticity of guilty confession.

Common "connection points" include: (1) time. From the perspective of time and space sequence, whether intentional crime or negligent crime, there is a process of occurrence, development and change. Criminals may leave corresponding traces at each time node, especially in the case of continuous crime and continuous crime, the criminal behavior may last for a long time, and the evidence will show a fixed order and be unique in time and space order. The authenticity of the confession can be verified by collecting objective evidence such as call records and bank transfer vouchers. (2) location. The place of crime can be subdivided into the place where the crime was committed and the place where the crime result occurred, such as the place where the tools were prepared, the place where the contradiction occurred, the place where the fight took place, etc. The changes of the above places correspond to the development process of the crime. Corresponding to several locations related to the crime, the authenticity of the confession can be verified by collecting objective evidence such as mobile phone tracks, tickets, air tickets and accommodation records. (3) items. Common articles related to crime include crime tools, stolen money and so on. If the characteristics of the articles are consistent with the confession of the criminal suspect, the authenticity of the confession can be verified.

Proof of evidence should be concrete proof. Evidence confirmation can be divided into concrete confirmation and general confirmation. Concrete confirmation refers to the fact that the details reflected by the evidence are completely coincident with the confession, which can reflect the unique characteristics of people and things. For example, in a fraud case, the criminal suspect confessed that he used a company document with forged signature to defraud the victim’s trust and defrauded a huge sum of money from the victim. After identification, the signature of the legal representative on the company document was written by the criminal suspect, thus forming a concrete confirmation and drawing the only conclusion that the criminal suspect forged the signature of others. General confirmation means that the contents of the evidence are coincident with the confession in a certain range, and other possibilities cannot be ruled out. From the point of view of ascertaining criminal facts, evidence confirmation should be specific enough to reflect the uniqueness of case facts, which is also the inevitable requirement of the standard of "excluding reasonable doubt". For example, in a case of intentional homicide, no physical evidence with personal orientation was extracted from the crime scene. The suspect once confessed that he rode a bicycle to the crime scene. After collecting the surveillance video near the crime scene, a man was indeed found riding a bicycle near the crime scene. However, the surveillance video was not clear enough and the shooting angle was not good, so it was impossible to identify the man in the video as the suspect, and it was also impossible to identify the bicycle in the video with the bicycle of the suspect. After the suspect overturns the previous confession, in the absence of other evidence, the above evidence alone is not enough to determine the facts of the crime.

The judgment of probative force insists on confirming the "four principles"

Ph.D. candidate of Southeast University Law School and Deputy Procurator-General of jianye district People’s Procuratorate in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province   Li Yong

Evidence ability refers to the qualification of evidence as the basis for deciding a case, while probative force refers to the role and value of evidence in proving the facts of a case on the premise of evidence ability. Evidence ability is the premise of probative force, and evidence without evidential ability is not probative force at all. The basic method of judging the probative force is verification. Confirmation is the mutual verification relationship between two or more evidences, that is, the state that the factual information contained in two or more evidences has been mutually verified, which is commonly called "evidence mutually confirms". How to use proof to examine and judge the probative force? We should focus on the following four "principles":

First of all, adhere to the "evidence ability review first, confirmed later". This is determined by the logical relationship between evidential ability and probative force. Proof is a method to standardize how judges evaluate the value of evidence, "belonging to the level of proof, so the applicable premise must be that they have obtained the evidence ability". When examining evidence, we should first examine the evidential ability of the evidence, and only the evidence with evidential ability can be further judged by verification; The key to prevent "false confirmation" is to directly exclude those who have no evidential ability and do not need to judge the probative force. For example, a confession of a defendant obtained by torture has no evidential ability from the beginning, and even has no qualification as a basis for finalizing the case. It is directly excluded from the final view, and there is no need to judge its role and value in determining the facts of the case.

Secondly, make good use of "two-way contrast". Proof is directly manifested in judicial practice as comparison, that is, comparing and contrasting two or more evidential materials that prove the same fact in a case, and examining whether the contents confirmed by them are consistent, so as to determine the probative force of the evidential materials. The comparison here can be divided into horizontal comparison and vertical comparison. Horizontal comparison refers to the comparison of different kinds of evidence that prove the facts of the same case to test whether they can confirm each other, whether there are contradictions and how to eliminate them. It includes the confirmation between verbal evidence and documentary evidence, physical evidence, recorded evidence and expert opinions, the confirmation between the defendant’s (criminal suspect’s) confession and the victim’s statement and witness testimony, and the confirmation between different witnesses, multiple documentary evidences and multiple physical evidences. Vertical comparison is mainly aimed at verbal evidence, that is, comparing multiple statements or confessions of the same fact made at different times to see whether the contents of the statements before and after are consistent, whether there are contradictions and how to eliminate and solve them. Inconsistencies often occur in witness testimony, victim statement and criminal suspect confession. In the process of examination, it is necessary to verify the witness face to face, focusing on two points: first, whether the witness or the confession can make a reasonable explanation, and second, whether it can be verified with other relevant evidence.

Thirdly, the principle of "doubt is beneficial to the defendant" should be applied accurately. The key to judge’s evaluation of evidence is to weigh the probative force between all kinds of guilty evidence and innocent evidence and eliminate possible doubts. There are a lot of cases where the evidence can’t be confirmed and the authenticity is unknown. However, the referee shall not refuse to make a ruling on this ground. The principle of "doubt is beneficial to the defendant" provides a channel to solve this problem. It is worth noting that we cannot mechanically think that "as long as there is doubt, there will be no doubt" or "as long as there is doubt, there will be no guilt". In practice, doubt sometimes manifests as "yes" and "no" doubt, that is, qualitative doubt. At this time, it should be presumed to be none. For example, whether the criminal suspect A beat B, the evidence can’t confirm each other, and whether there is doubt about the fact of beating B, it is presumed that A didn’t beat B; Doubt is sometimes manifested as "more" and "less" doubt, that is, the doubt of quantity, which is presumed to be "less"

Finally, the use of verification methods should follow the principle of preventing misunderstandings. First, it is necessary to prevent only a few non-major plots from being confirmed and being considered as final. Whether a case can be denied depends on whether there is corresponding evidence to prove the facts that constitute the elements, and it is not enough to finalize the case only if a few non-main circumstances are confirmed by evidence. The second is to prevent all the details from being confirmed before you dare to finalize the case. There are subtle contradictions between some evidences, which do not affect the probative force within a reasonable range. On the contrary, some verbal evidence is even more doubtful when all the details are exactly the same. For example, in judicial practice, there is often a high degree of consistency in details between verbal evidence transcripts, which is obviously problematic. Third, it is necessary to prevent only focusing on the confirmation of evidence that is conducive to the finalization and ignoring or belittling the confirmation of evidence that is not conducive to the finalization, and vice versa. Especially as a prosecutor, we should not only pay attention to or even take it out of context, but also ignore the contradictions that are not conducive to finalizing the case. The fourth is to prevent the absoluteness of confirmation. We can’t "verify for the sake of verification", and we can’t violate the laws of nature, experience and logic for the sake of verification.

How to confirm the amount of evidence in different cases

Director of the Second Division of Public Prosecution of Suzhou People’s Procuratorate, Jiangsu Province, and national expert in procuratorial work   Wang Yong

In judicial practice, confirmation method runs through the process of reviewing evidence and ascertaining facts, which is not only a key step to form conviction and verifying facts, but also an important method to resolve evidence contradictions in difficult cases. In the amount crime, if the amount confessed by the defendant can be mutually confirmed with other evidence, there is no dispute about the determination of the amount. However, in reality, typical cases in which the evidence is completely consistent are not common, and more are atypical cases in which the contents of the evidence are not completely consistent. How to determine the number of crimes requires full use of verification methods.

The amount of evidence given is different, how to identify it? When the amount of the defendant’s confession is inconsistent with other verbal evidence, and there is no other way to identify it, the lower amount is identified, which is the principle of low identification in the confirmation rules. For example, in a bribery case, the briber proved that he paid a bribe of RMB 80,000, while the defendant confessed to receiving property of RMB 50,000. On the premise that the evidence related to criminal facts can be verified and reach the standard of proof, the confirmation rules should be considered for the determination of the amount of crime: the defendant’s confession and the briber’s testimony can be confirmed in the fact of 50 thousand yuan, which can be confirmed; The difference of another 30 thousand yuan depends on whether there is other evidence to confirm each other.

A common problem in practice is: the amount of crime confessed by the defendant is constantly changing in different stages of litigation, how to determine it? At this time, according to Article 83 of the Supreme People’s Court’s Interpretation on the Application of the Criminal Procedure Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) (hereinafter referred to as the Interpretation), "If the defendant withdraws his confession during the trial, but he can’t reasonably explain the reasons for his withdrawal or his defense contradicts the evidence of the whole case, and his pre-trial confession is mutually confirmed with other evidence, his pre-trial confession can be accepted. If the defendant’s confession and defense before the trial are repeated, but it is confessed during the trial and confirmed with other evidence, his confession at the trial can be accepted; If the defendant’s pre-trial confession and defense are repeated, and he does not confess during the trial, and there is no other evidence to confirm it with the pre-trial confession, he may not accept his pre-trial confession. "

It should be noted that the principle of "low" means that the amount of crime cannot be confirmed by the verification method, and the method of determining the amount of crime according to the principle of "doubt is beneficial to the defendant" should not be adopted if the amount of crime can be determined by other means.

Can the victim-free statement confirm the facts? In some cases, the victim cannot be found for some reason, and there is a dispute over whether the facts can be ascertained. Article 105 of the Interpretation stipulates: "If there is no direct evidence, but the indirect evidence meets the following conditions at the same time, the defendant can be found guilty: (1) The evidence has been verified; (2) The evidence confirms each other, and there are no unavoidable contradictions and unexplained questions; (3) The evidence of the whole case has formed a complete proof system; (four) according to the evidence, the facts of the case are sufficient to eliminate reasonable doubt, and the conclusion is unique; (5) The reasoning based on evidence conforms to logic and experience. " According to the provisions of this article, there is no case that a case cannot be finalized without some kind of evidence. The key is to see whether the evidence conforms to the proof mode and reaches the proof standard of excluding reasonable doubt.

For example, in stakeholder cases such as telecommunication network fraud, the number of victims is so large that it is difficult to obtain evidence one by one, and sometimes the victims cannot be found due to the limitation of means of obtaining evidence, but objective evidence such as account books, bank card transaction records or performance sheets is enough to confirm the act of collecting property. For such cases, the emphasis of evidence reinforcement should be documentary evidence rather than verbal evidence. If all kinds of documentary evidence confirming the amount of fraud are confirmed by other evidence, and the possibility of legal income is ruled out, the criminal facts can be determined on this basis. Therefore, the Opinions on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Laws in Handling Criminal Cases such as Telecommunication Network Fraud stipulates that if it is really impossible to collect the victim statements one by one due to the limitation of objective conditions such as the large number of victims, the criminal facts such as the number of victims and the amount of fraudulent funds can be comprehensively determined by combining the collected victim statements, verified bank account transaction records and third-party payment and settlement account transaction records.

How to determine the value of physical evidence without corresponding purchase records after annihilation? In some cases, the physical evidence was annihilated, and the corresponding purchase records and other documentary evidence were lacking. How to determine the value of the original physical evidence became a difficult problem. For example, in the theft of Huang, the court of first instance failed to identify some of the stolen goods accused in the indictment on the grounds that the specific model of some cables could not be judged and the number of thefts was only the witness testimony of the injured unit. After the prosecution filed a protest, through investigation and evidence collection from the purchasing and warehouse management personnel of the victim unit at the time of the crime, the case-handling personnel collected all the sales invoices of the supplier company, thus confirming the types of cables purchased by the victim unit at the time of the crime, and finally effectively identifying the value of the relevant cables in combination with other evidence.

Therefore, the handling of such cases needs to fully explore the "source" and "destination" of the original material evidence, and use it as a clue to confirm the testimony of relevant witnesses and the statements of victims, so as to confirm the value of the annihilated items. In other words, many facts that can be confirmed by objective evidence are not limited to the elements presented by themselves, but need to be excavated and explained by the case-handling personnel through empirical rules.

Domestic gold price hit a six-year high. Is gold really the only safe-haven option？

　　For some time, the price of gold has continued to strengthen. At the end of June, the price of the New York Mercantile Exchange gold futures hit a new high since May 2013, with the highest quotation reaching $1,433.3 per ounce, which is still being adjusted at a high level recently. Because the financial attribute of gold is much higher than the commodity attribute, the trend of gold price has a strong correlation with the world political and economic situation.

　　The current round of gold price rise began in the second half of 2018. In the same period, the world economy began to slow down after a strong synchronous recovery lasting for more than a year, and trade and investment activities were significantly weakened. In the World Economic Outlook Report released in January and April this year, the International Monetary Fund lowered the global economic growth rate twice this year. The latest World Trade Outlook Index released by the World Trade Organization on May 20th also fell to the lowest level in recent years.

　　The sustained rise in the price of gold can be understood from two aspects.

　　First of all, the strength of the dollar no longer makes the price of gold get significant support. In the face of increasing economic downside risks, the voices of various economies calling for monetary easing have revived. The European Central Bank claims that it is considering more stimulus measures, which may further reduce interest rates from the current low point. Australia, Russia, India and other countries have begun to relax monetary policy. The growth momentum of the US economy has weakened recently, and the latest inflation, manufacturing PMI and other indicators are less than expected. At the congressional hearing on the 10th of this month, the chairman of the Federal Reserve said that he would take necessary actions to maintain the sustained growth of the US economy, consolidating the previous expectation of a US dollar interest rate cut. Last month, the trend of the strong dollar in the previous two years reversed, and the dollar index fell by 1.65% in June, which significantly supported the prices of precious metals including gold.

　　Secondly, the increased awareness of risk aversion in various countries has made gold popular again. Factors such as the "US priority" policy and the "Brexit" tug-of-war in Britain have led to increased market uncertainty; Conflicts in many hot spots continue, and the international environment is complex and changeable. In this context, a large number of safe-haven funds have flooded into the gold market, and central banks are also increasing the allocation of gold. According to the report of the World Gold Council, in 2018, the global central bank added 651 tons of official gold reserves, up 74% year-on-year, which was the highest net purchase of the global central bank since the decoupling of the US dollar from gold in 1971. In the first quarter of this year, the global central bank’s gold reserves continued to grow, with 145.5 tons of new purchases, the highest level in six years.

　　At present, the international political and economic risks have not dissipated, and safe-haven demand and loose monetary policy will continue to support the high price of gold. However, it is difficult to reproduce the situation of continuous soaring in the past. On the one hand, countries all over the world have generally recognized the need to jointly cope with and resolve risks. The Osaka Declaration adopted at the just-concluded G20 Summit shows that all parties are committed to achieving a free, fair, non-discriminatory, transparent, predictable and stable trade and investment environment and injecting confidence into the world economy. On the other hand, the choice of safe-haven financial instruments and asset portfolios is increasing, especially with the maturity of technology and the improvement of market recognition, digital assets are sought after, and gold is no longer the only choice.

　　(Zhang Xiaoyu, Research Fellow, Institute of International Market Research, Ministry of Commerce)

Opportunities and Challenges Brought by ＂Knowing the King＂ ChatGPT

Text | Li Enhan China (Shenzhen) Comprehensive Development Research Institute Tongzheng Digital Economy Research Center, postdoctoral fellow in economics.

Recently, ChatGPT has been widely concerned and enthusiastically sought after by the Internet in China, and it has brought the Internet myth that the global monthly users have exceeded 100 million, making it the fastest accumulated application program for Internet users in history. As long as users ask questions about it, ChatGPT will almost immediately start the mode of "mumbling" and "chattering", presenting seemingly impeccable answers on the screen, just like an omniscient "knowing the king".

I. "Knowing the King" ChatGPT and its past lives

ChatGPT was developed and launched by OpenAI team in November 2022. In essence, it is an artificial intelligence language model based on large-scale natural language pre-training. It is trained for tasks such as natural language generation, dialogue system, language translation, question answering and text summarization, and can interact with human beings in a very close way to natural language. Among them, "Chat" in ChatGPT is the interaction mode between ChatGPT and users through chatting; GPT is the abbreviation of the model it applies-Generative Pre-trained Transformer.

The historical development of ChatGPT can be traced back to 2016. At that time, OpenAI released the first version of GPT model (GPT-1), with a model size of 117 million parameters. Since then, OpenAI has successively released larger models such as GPT-2 and GPT-3, with 150 million and 1.75 trillion parameters respectively. GPT-3 has become one of the largest and strongest language models, which can handle complex natural language tasks and generate high-quality articles and dialogues.

However, it cannot be ignored that ChatGPT also has many limitations. As far as the content it generates is concerned, the most prominent problem is that ChatGPT sometimes provides seemingly reasonable answers that are inconsistent with the facts or even absurd, which is also recognized by OpenAI. Just as ChatGPT said to "what is’ knowing the king’?" The answer to this question is the same-

"Knowing the king" is a kind of network language, which is usually used to describe people who are very proficient in a certain field or skill, equivalent to words such as "expert" and "master". Knowing Wang not only has extensive and in-depth knowledge in a certain field, but also can deeply analyze a certain problem or phenomenon, put forward unique opinions and analysis, and win the respect and trust of others.

In addition, "knowing the king" can also be used to satirize those false and self-righteous "experts" or "masters", suggesting that they look very good on the surface, but in fact they just "know the king falsely" and lack real knowledge and ability.

ChatGPT is between "knowing the king" and "knowing the king" in the field of content-related text generation. On the one hand, it can be used as a powerful tool for content producers, on the other hand, it should be alert to the noise in the information it provides, and its maximum efficiency can not be achieved without relying on the user’s professional skill level, information screening ability and further information verification ability.

Second, the development opportunities brought by ChatGPT

ChatGPT, as a phenomenal and killer application of the Internet, not only shows the world the breakthrough in the field of artificial intelligence, but also triggers unprecedented attention to this industry, especially the generative artificial intelligence industry, bringing new development opportunities for the development of related industries.

(1) Promoting the development of natural language processing technology. The success of ChatGPT has played an important role in promoting the development of natural language processing technology. As a language model based on Transformer, ChatGPT can automatically learn the rules and structure of language, and then generate coherent and semantically fluent texts. This provides more possibilities for the application of natural language processing technology, such as automatic question answering system, machine translation, intelligent customer service and other fields.

(2) Improve the popularity of artificial intelligence technology. ChatGPT, as an interesting and practical application of artificial intelligence, not only aroused the collective excitement of scientific and technological circles and Internet circles, but also attracted the attention of many ordinary users. While people are discussing whether artificial intelligence will replace humans or eliminate certain industries, more consensus is reached that "people who can use AI will replace those who can’t use AI". More people begin to pay attention to and understand artificial intelligence technology, and realize its potential value in daily life and work, which provides an excellent opportunity for the popularization of artificial intelligence technology, and will further promote the popularization of artificial intelligence technology and the expansion of related application scenarios.

(3) Enhance confidence in the development of the artificial intelligence industry. The success of ChatGPT has attracted worldwide attention and provided investors with more confidence and motivation. This will further accelerate the development of artificial intelligence industry, help related enterprises to obtain financing, and further grow and strengthen, and provide a shot in the arm for the development of artificial intelligence industry in China.

(4) Forced the emergence of domestic related products and applications. The appearance of ChatGPT not only shows the good market development prospect of generative artificial intelligence, but also sounds the alarm for related enterprises in China because of its excellent support for Chinese. Since February, 2023, Baidu, Ali, Tencent, JD.COM, Byte, iFLYTEK and other enterprises have indicated that they have carried out in-depth research in the field of large models, among which Baidu confirmed that it will hold a press conference on March 16th this year to disclose its ChatGPT-like product "ERNIE Bot".

(5) Enriching the ecology of artificial intelligence industry. The success of ChatGPT has also brought new opportunities for the artificial intelligence industry ecosystem. The application and promotion of generative artificial intelligence represented by ChatGPT will give birth to the formation of more industrial chains and industrial ecology, such as the industrial chain of automatic writing and content creation based on generative artificial intelligence, the industrial chain of educational intelligence, and the new generation of infrastructure and more powerful computing power deployed around artificial intelligence technology. In addition, generative artificial intelligence will also be applied in art, music, design and other fields to inspire practitioners to create inspiration and help create better works of art.

Third, the "Chinese-style" challenge triggered by ChatGPT

In the artificial intelligence storm caused by ChatGPT, we should not only see the development opportunities it may bring, but also be alert to the challenges it causes. In addition to the general concerns about artificial intelligence technology itself, such as data source, copyright ownership and echo chamber effect, ChatGPT has also caused some unique problems in China that deserve attention.

(A) how to prevent the decoupling of new technologies?

An interesting phenomenon is that while Chinese users can’t connect to ChatGPT in official website through the domestic network, ChatGPT can’t receive registration short messages through the mobile phone numbers in China and Hongkong. ChatGPT’s answer to this question is due to the limitation of telecom operators. However, this seemingly tacit "two-way trip" exposes the risk of new technology decoupling that China may face, that is, foreign high-tech enterprises may exclude China from the scope of technology application on the grounds of regulatory restrictions, leading to the failure of ordinary users in China to share the dividend of technological progress, and the increase in R&D costs of employees in the field of scientific and technological innovation will more widely inhibit China’s innovation vitality.

(2) How to deal with the "wrong" answer of generative artificial intelligence?

In the iterative process of updating ChatGPT, another phenomenon is also worthy of our attention, that is, ChatGPT has had serious language pornography and bloody violence. Fortunately, its audience was still relatively small at that time, and it was not excessively questioned and condemned by the media and users, and the problem was quickly solved by the outsourcing manual team. However, after the explosion of ChatGPT, its political inclination and other issues were brought to the table again. Considering the national security and the special development period, when faced with the "wrong" answers generated by the generative artificial intelligence products similar to ChatGPT in China, the overall balance between the tolerance of regulators and the definition and attribution of responsibilities will become another important factor affecting the development of artificial intelligence enterprises in China.

(3) How to create an R&D environment that is more conducive to innovation and breakthrough?

Behind the Internet craze in China caused by ChatGPT, there is always a question, that is, "Why wasn’t ChatGPT born in China?" Faced with this problem, the optimistic answer is that there is no big gap in the underlying technology in the field of artificial intelligence in China, only because domestic enterprises have insufficient awareness of commercialization; Pessimists think that more efforts are needed to reform the system, so that more products like ChatGPT can emerge in China. However, from the path of OpenAI’s research and development of ChatGPT and other products, we can see that the launch of phenomenal products in this field cannot be separated from the "violent" investment of a large number of capital, talents, data and other factors. Behind OpenAI, there are always huge figures of "giants" such as Microsoft and Musk. In the future, how can China find a balance between anti-monopoly supervision such as platform supervision and "pinching mergers and acquisitions" and giving full play to the important role of large enterprises in technology research and development and innovation may be the real answer to the above questions.

How is the price-performance ratio of Benben E-Star, the sales leader of Changan Auchan？

Today, Xiaobian picked a car and introduced it to everyone. It is E-Star. Let’s take a look at it together.

First of all, from the appearance, the front of Benben E-Star gives people a very dynamic and lively feeling, which looks very simple. The headlights are very cold, and the overall look is full of avant-garde and sexy. The car is equipped with, delayed shutdown, etc. Come to the car side, the car body size is 3770MM*1650MM*1570MM, the car uses simple and generous lines, the car body looks very simple and fashionable, with large-sized thick-walled tires, smooth lines running through the whole car side. In the design of the tail, the overall shape of the tail of Benben E-Star echoes the front face, and the taillights present a calm design style, creating a good gas field.

Coming into the Benben E-Star car, the interior of Benben E-Star looks very cold and easily touches the hearts of young consumers. The steering wheel of the car is very simple in shape and made of leather, giving a good grip experience. Take a look at the central control. The car is equipped with a touch-sensitive LCD central control screen, which makes the interior design quite layered and has a certain sense of technology. The interior feels good. Let’s take a look at the dashboard and seats. The dashboard of the car presents a calm design style and the shape takes the sports route. The car uses a fabric seat, which is wrapped in place and feels soft and comfortable as a whole.

Benben E-Star is equipped with a motor with a total power of 55KW and a total torque of 170N.m It has good acceleration, excellent cruising range and good power performance.

The car is equipped with sunshade mirror, AUX,USB interface, front central armrest, uphill assist, rear reversing radar and other configurations. The configuration is not bad, and there is no problem in meeting daily use.

Do you have the urge to buy a car after reading the whole article? Let me make a summary. I wonder if you are excited about this car introduced today?

2024 GAC Trumpchi E9 officially listed, sold 31.98-40 9,800

On April 25, at the 2024 Beijing Auto Show, the 2024 GAC Trumpchi E9 was officially launched. This time, a total of 4 models were launched, and the price range was 31.98-40 9,800 yuan. At the same time, the GAC Trumpchi E9 four-seat high-end model started pre-sale, and the pre-sale price was 799,000 yuan.

In addition, the official has also launched summer travel gifts, replacement exclusive gifts, worry-free exclusive gifts, intelligent advanced gifts, and delivery guarantee gifts (please consult your local dealer for details).

2024 GAC Trumpchi E9:

In terms of appearance, the 2024 GAC Trumpchi E9 continues the style of the old model, still using the family "Kunpeng Spread Wing" design language. The front face of the huge air intake grille is decorated with chrome decorative strips, the visual effect is quite domineering, and the "Y" shaped headlights on both sides are also highly recognizable.

The tail shape is square and straight, and the through taillights add a little sense of technology to the whole vehicle. The length, width and height of the ordinary version are 5212mm*1893mm*1823mm, the wheelbase is 3070mm, and the length, width and height of the care version are 5193mm*1893mm*1823mm, and the wheelbase is 3070mm.

In addition, the new car has achieved 101 exquisite project upgrades, allowing users to fully upgrade their hearing, vision, smell and experience. Among them, the leather material of the new car seat is baked and heated, and the environmentally friendly high-quality deodorant is adjusted from 0.2% to 0.5% to ensure full ventilation.

For long-term driving, the seat in the hip, back and other areas will be forced to wrinkle, and the 2024 Trumpchi new energy E9 adopts a composite process to ensure that the positive film material and the sponge are completely fitted together, and the seat cover is more full, complete, smooth, and durable.

In terms of seats, the front seats are equipped with the longest 560mm retractable seat cushion in the same class, adding the leading SPA-level 10-point massage function in the same class. The single massage point in the front second row has been upgraded from 2-layer air bags to 3-layer air bags, allowing drivers and passengers to deeply relax despite the journey.

The second row of seats is upgraded with the unique semi-aniline first class seat of the same class. In the one-button SPA mode, the anti-pinch can be automatically recognized when adjusting the leg support and backrest of the second row of seats. In addition, the second row of slides has also been optimized by software to improve the smooth and silky feeling. The sitting position of the three rows of seats is raised by 25mm, and the seat cushion is lengthened by 5mm and thickened by 25mm. The three rows of seat cushions have better support and a more relaxed sitting position.

In terms of power, the new car is equipped with a plug-in hybrid power system composed of a 2.0T engine and an electric motor. The maximum engine power is 140kW, the peak torque is 330N · m, and the total motor power is 134kW. In terms of transmission, it is matched with a two-speed DHT gearbox.

2024 Trumpchi new energy E9 four-seat high-definition version:

The four high-definition versions of Trumpchi E9 mainly integrate "dragon" elements into the appearance design. The front face is integrated with dragon crown, dragon horn, dragon eye, dragon nose, dragon scale, dragon tooth and dragon whisker. The English exclusive dragon logo of Lorenz is made of gold plating, and the total number of chrome-plated scales and grille is 81 pieces, which means "99 to one". The luminous scales and headlight motion graphics are slowly unfolded, and the floating light leaps into gold, which is gorgeous and dazzling, and the momentum is extraordinary.

The interior is full of low-key luxury, with red dragon red as the main tone. Through seats, carpets, door panels and other positions, red leather or fabrics are used to create a deep and luxurious visual effect. The details are decorated with gold pieces to add a sense of luxury.

The design concept of the "Flying Dragon in the Sky" theme interior also comes from the dragon scale, which integrates the dazzling splendor of the dragon scale with the lighting effect, bringing a refreshing and luxurious atmosphere.

Summarize:

On the basis of the original model matrix, the 2024 Trumpchi new energy E9 adds a 319,800 yuan exclusive version and a 409,800 yuan customized version of the national guest. The luxury and comfortable configuration is fully upgraded, and the additional distribution does not increase the price; the exclusive version is luxurious at the beginning, and the customized version of the national guest is more luxurious and noble. In order to bring more high-value choices to users.

Wang Shouchang： Sun Tzu’s Art of War, which was ignited by ＂Hurricane＂, has a particularly high moral content

　　The TV series "Hurricane" was a hit, and it brought fire to "The Art of War". The sales of "The Art of War" increased sharply and even sold out. Gao Qiqiang, the villain in the play, praised "The Art of War", which made netizens seem curious about the strategy of "The Art of War". In fact, "The Art of War" is based on Tao, and cares more about moral care and human spirit. It is difficult for people who do not read "The Art of War" to understand the essence of the book. As long as they can distinguish the difference between "The Art of War" and "Thirty-six Strategies", they can be regarded as understanding the book.

　　According to Sima Qian’s "Historical Records", Sun Tzu lived in the Spring and Autumn Period, which was an era of great change in Chinese history. The most significant feature in politics was the decline of the Zhou royal family and the struggle for hegemony between the princes, which in Confucian terms was "the collapse of rites and the collapse of music" and "the Spring and Autumn Unjust War." According to incomplete statistics, in the 100 years from the first year of King Qing of Zhou (618 BC) to the first year of King Jing of Zhou (519 BC) alone, there were more than 160 recorded wars. For the sake of their own survival, development and competition for hegemony, countries competed to recruit military talents and encouraged the establishment of new military theories, which provided a broad stage for the appearance of soldiers and military letters.

　　▲ Qi State in the Spring and Autumn Period. (Image source: Tan Qixiang: "Atlas of Chinese History")

　　Sun Tzu, a famous Wu, was a native of Qi State in the late Spring and Autumn Period. His birth and death years were difficult to determine, and he was in the same era or slightly later than Confucius. Qi State was the fief of Jiang Ziya, the founder of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and according to legend, military strategy books such as "Six Tao" and "Conspiracy" were related to him. During the Spring and Autumn Period, there were also famous officials who assisted Duke Huan Qi to achieve hegemony and left a very rich military legacy. Qi State jumped to become the political, economic and cultural center of the world at that time, and became a place where heroes gathered. Such a social environment also provided theoretical support for Sun Tzu’s military research, enabling him to become a learned military talent in his youth. After that, Sun Tzu and Wu Zixu jointly assisted King Wu ********* Cha and his son to defeat Chu, Yue and other countries and become the hegemon of the south. Wu Zixu was forced to commit suicide because he failed to persuade his husband, but the deeds of his grandson are not found in historical records. Later generations speculated that he may have been like Fan Li and retired to the mountains and forests when he became famous.

　　To study Sun Tzu’s Art of War, one must first understand two concepts: one is "Tao"; the other is "Instrument". These two concepts are defined in the Book of Changes as follows: "The metaphysical one is called the Tao, and the metaphysical one is called the Instrument." Since the upper part of the visible is "Tao", then the "Instrument" of "the metaphysical one is called the Instrument" refers to specific things, and can also be expressed directly with "Shu". "Shu" is the specific application method of rational cognition. The relationship between "Tao" and "Instrument" is: "The Tao is in the Instrument, and the Tao controls the Instrument." This is the fundamental way of thinking in Chinese philosophy. " Tao "There are various sayings in Chinese philosophy, which are briefly summarized as the causality and regularity inherent in nature, society, and human beings, which are compared to the moral ontology and the realm of people’s transcendental understanding.In Chinese culture, it has always been believed that "Tao" is "the essence", "Shu" is "the end"; "Tao" is "the body", and "Shu" is "use". "Shu" is inseparable from "Tao", and there is no purely independent "Shu".

　　▲ Portrait of Sun Wu. (Image source: CCTV)

　　Today, many people read "The Art of War" and pay attention to the art of strategy, which vulgarizes "The Art of War". This is putting the cart before the horse, and it is also the biggest misunderstanding.In the Book of Changes, it is said that "great virtue carries things", which is worthy of our deep consideration. An entrepreneur and politician who has no self-morality constraints and no national, national, and social responsibilities will inevitably go astray. The traditional Chinese cultural way of thinking and moral cultivation are closely related, such as "inner sage and outer king" and "holy wisdom", which are consistent with the "middle mean" advocating the concept that morality and wisdom go hand in hand. This is also the so-called "great virtue must have great wisdom". In the art of war, Sun Tzu places great emphasis on humanistic spirit and moral care. This issue cannot be discussed only in the "Art of War" of Sun Tzu, and there should be a comparison and contrast. Therefore, the author compares "On War" written by German military strategist Clausewitz with "The Art of War" of Sun Tzu.

　　The book "Theory of War" is a classic document in modern Western military works. The first point of view of "Theory of War" is that "war is the continuation of politics". This political concept can be enlarged to include economic, geographical and other factors. For example, if there is no oil in the Persian Gulf region, Western powers will not be so interested because they want to control strategic locations and strategic resources, so there are two Gulf wars. It can be said that this view is an accurate description of the essence of war.

　　So, is there such an idea in "Sun Tzu’s Art of War"? "Sun Tzu’s Art of War" says from the beginning: "Soldiers are the major events of the country, the place of life and death, and the way of survival. It is impossible to ignore." "Soldiers" refers to war. War is the most important thing for a country. Since it affects the life and death of the people and the survival of the country, every ruler cannot fail to observe, analyze, and study it carefully. It can be said that Sun Tzu 2,500 years ago has realized that war is not an independent phenomenon, but the most important thing for a country. Therefore, Sun Tzu said that the issue of war must be treated with caution, which is the idea of "careful warfare". Because war is extremely destructive and very cruel, once it fails, it often has to bear a heavy price.Sun Tzu cautioned rulers to be cautious about war, because "a subjugated country cannot survive, and the dead cannot be resurrected."

　　The Theory of War.

　　The second point of "On War" is that "the fundamental purpose of war is the complete annihilation of the enemy." But Sun Tzu does not believe that war is the first choice to solve the problem. Sun Tzu said: "If you go up to the army, you will attack the enemy, and then you will attack the army, and then you will attack the city. The method of siege is a last resort."In Sun Tzu’s opinion, the best military action is to use strategies to thwart the enemy’s war behavior; the second is to establish alliances and defeat the enemy by diplomatic means; the second is to defeat the enemy by force; the last resort is to attack the enemy’s city. Siege is a last resort, there is no way.Because in his opinion, the soldiers who attacked the city like ants, with one-third of the casualties, could not succeed, which was a major disaster. Therefore, Sun Tzu proposed that winning a hundred battles is not the most brilliant; the one who can subdue all the enemies without fighting is the most brilliant. Sun Tzu is not simply talking about "the method of planning an attack", but admonishing people that "those who do not know the harm of using soldiers cannot know the benefits of using them." Sun Tzu advocated "total victory" and "wisdom victory" because he saw the cruelty of war, so he put forward the idea of "careful combat".We can appreciate the love and respect for life contained in the book "The Art of War" by Sun Tzu.

　　Sun Tzu’s thinking is not isolated. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucianism and Mohism were called "scholars" and were the most influential schools of thought at that time. Mohism had an article called "Non-Attack". Mohism hated war so much that it specifically used such articles to oppose war. Mencius criticized war for delaying agricultural time, destroying production, mutilating innocents, and plundering people into slavery. The reasons why Confucianism and Mohism oppose war are the same. Lao Tzu said that "those who are happy to kill people should not be able to aspire to the world", which means that those who enjoy killing people cannot win the world. War brings great disasters to society and the people, so Lao Tzu said: "Those who are soldiers are ominous weapons, things or evil things, so those who have the Tao are not good." Lao Tzu’s opposition to war is self-evident.

　　The author believes that the concept of paying attention to and respecting life in Chinese military science is not unrelated to the emphasis on humanities and morality in Chinese cultural traditions.Let’s first understand the meaning of the concept of "China". During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the word "China" was once used to refer to "Huaxia". What is Huaxia? "There is great etiquette, so it is called Xia; there is the beauty of clothing, which is called Hua." Clothing is not only a simple tool used to cover shame, but also represents a culture. The "etiquette" here does not just refer to the concept of politeness, but is regarded as a system. People of every class are responsible in their respective positions and cannot do whatever they want. In daily life, "etiquette" should also be said. Since ancient times, China has had etiquette for drinking, playing, and walking, so we have the reputation of "the state of etiquette". Huaxia is a cultural concept, and "China" is regarded as a representative of "advanced" culture and civilization.

　　▲ "The Art of War" book cover. (Wang Shouchang, photo courtesy)

　　In the Song Dynasty, Liao attacked the Central Plains. Shi Jie, a famous scholar in the Song Dynasty, expressed the following views in "On China": When you were still living in caves, China had buildings; when you were still wearing fur, China had clothes; when you had no writing, China had written history. If you come to study, I will teach you; if you don’t come to study, we will be safe and not disturb each other.

　　In the Song Dynasty, China was one of the most powerful countries in the world at that time. In 1988, I discussed a question with a Jewish scholar in the United States. I asked him if he knew anything about ancient China, and he said he didn’t. I asked him if he knew anything about the history of Jews coming to China during World War II. He said he knew that during World War II, some Jews were persecuted by fascism and came from Vladivostok, the Soviet Union, to Shanghai, China, where they were accepted and entertained by the Chinese. He also said that one year during the Spring Festival, overseas Jews formed a Thanksgiving Group to visit China, reflecting on the living experience of their parents, and expressing their gratitude to the Chinese government and people. In fact, what he didn’t know was that Jews had come to China long before the Song Dynasty, so it can be seen that China was an open country at that time.

　　A large number of documentary records show that the Central Plains region has contacts with surrounding ethnic groups and has always been a good-neighborly and friendly relationship. Although culture, economy and military are ahead of each other, they have not taken hegemonic acts such as aggression and plunder.There is an American film called "Dances with Wolves", which tells the history of European immigration to the American continent to carve out territory and massacre large numbers of indigenous people, which is in sharp contrast.Therefore, for thousands of years, China’s Central Plains and its surrounding ethnic groups have been in the process of continuous integration. The expansion of China’s territory does not rely on war and force, but on cultural identity and common belonging.

　　In the Book of Changes, there is a saying that "the three talents of heaven and earth are precious". Xunzi said that people are the most precious in the world because they have qi, life, knowledge, and righteousness. The Art of War of Sun Tzu was produced under the cultural background of great respect for "people".When Sun Tzu discusses war, he always thinks from the perspective of humanities and morality."The Art of War" does not advocate solving problems through war, so it is necessary to use strategy to solve problems. Even if strategy is promoted, it always emphasizes the role of morality. The last article of the thirteen chapters of "The Art of War" is the "Use Room". This "room" is a spy, and the use room is the use of spies. But Sun Tzu talks about the use of spies on the premise that "non-sages cannot use room, and non-benevolence and righteousness cannot use room". Now many of us have forgotten this premise. War needs to be solved by strategy, and there is also a problem that runs through moral and humanistic care.

　　About the author:

　　Wang Shouchang, a famous scholar, professor of the Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies of Peking University, former dean of the Chinese Culture Academy, and dean of the Beijing Sanzhi Culture Academy, mainly researching the history of Chinese philosophy, Buddhism, recent and modern intellectual history, etc., is an advocate and practitioner of "Sinology" education. He has served as the "Chinese Culture Editor" of "Oriental Culture Integration" and the co-editor of the famous academic magazine "Scholar" magazine, the executive director of the China Association for International Education Exchange, and the deputy secretary general of the International Confucian Federation.

　　Producer | Yang Xinhua

　　Coordinator | Liu Jia, Hu Jun, Kang Kunquan

　　Editors | Guo Hui, Qi Zitong

　　Production | Hu Qi

Since the beginning of this year, 19 deputy ministerial-level central enterprises have changed coaches, and most of them have been adjusted because of their working age.

Figure/vision china

Up to now, at least 19 central enterprises supervised by SASAC have undergone executive adjustment, all of which are "key state-owned enterprises" at the vice ministerial level.

In 2023, many senior executives of central enterprises started intensive personnel adjustment. In April alone, three central enterprises, namely China Merchants Group, China Grain Reserve Management Group and China Aluminum Group, completed the coaching change. According to the reporter’s incomplete statistics of China Economic Weekly, up to now, at least 19 central enterprises supervised by SASAC have undergone executive adjustment, all of which are "key state-owned enterprises" at the vice ministerial level.

Dongfang Electric ushered in "from official to business" executives

Recently, the leadership of China Dongfang Electric Group has been updated, with a new deputy general manager and member of the party group Sun Guojun, and the number of members of the leadership team has also increased from 7 to 8.

According to public information, Sun Guojun graduated from Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, majoring in material management. He was a member of the Party Group of the Research Office of the State Council and the director of the First Division of Comprehensive Research (Development Strategy Research Division). He participated in the drafting of the the State Council government work report many times, which is a typical "from official to business".

Xu Baoli, a former researcher at the Research Center of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, gave a positive evaluation of this. He told the reporter of China Economic Weekly: "No matter whether businessmen enter the business or officials enter the business, the flow of talents between businessmen and officials has broken the restrictions of units and blocks, opened a channel for talent exchange between institutions and enterprises, and changed talent resources from’ internal circulation’ to’ internal circulation’.

In fact, the flow of talents between institutions and enterprises has been stipulated in China’s civil service law.

Article 69 of the Civil Servant Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) stipulates: The state practices the civil servant exchange system. Civil servants can communicate within the civil servants and the staff managed with reference to this Law, and they can also communicate with personnel engaged in public affairs in state-owned enterprises and institutions not managed with reference to this Law.

The "Regulations on the Exchange of Party and Government Leading Cadres" also emphasizes the exchange of cadres between party and government organs and state-owned enterprises and institutions. Article 16 stipulates that only the leaders of state-owned enterprises and institutions are selected to serve in the party and government organs, and party and government leading cadres are recommended to serve in state-owned enterprises and institutions.

"Some cadres exchange positions between central enterprises and government departments, whether they are’ from business to official’ or’ from official to business’, as long as they meet the relevant regulations, it is a normal rational flow and rational allocation of human resources." Xu Baoli told the reporter of China Economic Weekly.

After being transferred to the position of Deputy General Manager of China Dongfang Electric Group, Sun Guojun has started intensive research in subordinate enterprises. On April 12th, the official WeChat of Dongfang Wind Power, a subsidiary of China Dongfang Electric Group, reported that Sun Guojun went to Dongfang Wind Power for investigation.

This is not the first time that China Dongfang Electric Group executives have adjusted this year. Before Sun Guojun took up his new job, at the beginning of this year, China Dongfang Electric Group had personnel changes. On February 1, 2023, the central government announced that Xu Peng, general manager and deputy secretary of the Party Group of China Dongfang Electric, was appointed as the director, general manager and deputy secretary of the Party Committee of China Yizhong.

China Dongfang Electric Group ranks 33rd in the list of central enterprises of SASAC, and it is an important state-owned key enterprise at the vice ministerial level.

China Star Network welcomes the new general manager.

As a vice-ministerial-level central enterprise that has just been established for two years and settled in Xiong ‘an, the senior management adjustment of China Satellite Network Group has attracted special attention.

According to a message on the website of the State Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection on April 8, Gao Fei, the leader of the 14th patrol team of the Central Committee, met with Zhang Dongchen, secretary and chairman of the Party Group of China Star Network, and Zhang Hongtai, deputy secretary, director and general manager of the Party Group, and informed about the relevant arrangements for the patrol work.

According to the above information, Zhang Hongtai has been appointed as deputy secretary, director and general manager of China Star Network Party Group.

According to public information, Zhang Hongtai, born in November 1965, is a graduate student and researcher. He used to be the deputy director, director, deputy director and director of the research and production department of Xi ‘an Institute of Space Radio Technology, and the vice president and dean of the Fifth Research Institute of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation.

On May 24th, 2021, the Fifth Research Institute of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation held a meeting of leading cadres, announcing that due to work adjustment, Comrade Zhang Hongtai would no longer serve as the president and deputy secretary of the Party Committee of the Fifth Research Institute.

On April 29th, 2021, the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council issued an announcement to establish China Satellite Network Group Co., Ltd. and put it on the list of central enterprises. Wang Yong, then State Councilor, pointed out at the inaugural meeting that the establishment of China Satellite Network Group Co., Ltd. was an important measure based on the overall national strategy and conforming to the general trend of scientific and technological industry reform. After the establishment of the company, Zhang Hongtai became the deputy general manager, and this adjustment was made.

The post of general manager of China Satellite Network Group Co., Ltd. was previously held by Yang Baohua, a former deputy general manager of China Aerospace Science and Technology Group Co., Ltd.

Since the beginning of this year, at least 19 central enterprise executives have adjusted.

China Satellite Network Group and Dongfang Electric Group are not the only central enterprises that have experienced executive adjustment this year. The reporter of China Economic Weekly found that up to now, at least 19 central enterprises have made adjustments, namely: China Aviation Industry Corporation, China Electronics Technology Group, Dongfeng Motor Group, China Commercial Aircraft Group, China Aerospace Science and Industry Group, State Grid, China Electronics and Information Industry Group, China Southern Airlines Group, China Construction Group, China Sinochem Group, China Aluminum Group, China Grain Reserve Management Group, China Merchants Group, China Shipbuilding Group and China. These 19 central enterprises are all deputy ministerial level.

Xu Baoli analyzed with the reporter of China Economic Weekly. Accurately speaking, central enterprises can be divided into three categories, namely, enterprises that are funded by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, enterprises that are funded by the Ministry of Finance, and enterprises that are funded by relevant central units. They are also collectively referred to as central enterprises in a broad sense. Generally speaking, the central enterprises we usually refer to are enterprises that are funded by SASAC.

Xu Baoli further pointed out that in the list of central enterprises of SASAC, the 1st to 54th central enterprises are important state-owned backbone enterprises, and their team members are managed by the Central Organization Department, with the chairman and general manager at the deputy ministerial level and other team members at the departmental level, such as Sinopec, State Grid and China Southern Airlines.

For the 55th to 98th central enterprises, the team members are managed by the Party Committee of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, with the chairman and general manager at the main department level, and other team members at the deputy department level, such as CRRC and China Poly.

Most of them are adjusted because of "working age"

"Leaders of key state-owned enterprises managed by the Central Organization Department generally retire at the age of 63, and some are adjusted at the age of 61 and 62. The leaders of enterprises managed by the Party Committee of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission generally retire at the age of 60, but the leaders of large-scale Fortune 500 central enterprises can also retire at the age of 63. " Xu Baoli said.

China Building Materials Group is an enterprise managed by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission. Song Zhiping was the chairman of the group and retired at the age of 63. Brand Finance, a British brand finance consultancy, released the "Top 500 Global Brand Values in 2023" on January 18th, showing that China Building Materials Group has been shortlisted for five years in a row, and this year, on the basis of upgrading 20 places last year, it has steadily upgraded 16 places to the 233rd place.

Although China Building Materials ranks 63rd in the list of enterprises of SASAC, and it is not a central enterprise at the deputy ministerial level, China Building Materials has been listed among the top 500 in the world since 2018. Born in Song Zhiping in October 1956, he will be 63 years old when he retires in November 2019.

The reporter of China Economic Weekly found that some of the senior executives of central enterprises mentioned the "working age" this year.

For example, China Aviation Industry Corporation. On March 1, 2023, the central government announced the decision to remove the chairman and party secretary of China Aviation Industry Corporation: according to the needs of work and the relevant regulations on the age of the leaders of central enterprises, Comrade Tan Ruisong was removed from the post of chairman and party secretary of China Aviation Industry Corporation.

According to public information, Tan Ruisong was born in February 1962, and he was 61 years old when he was removed from office in March.

A similar situation exists in China Electronics Technology Group. According to the news from WeChat official account, China Electric Power Branch, at the recent meeting of the Central Committee on the leadership of China Electronics Technology Group, the Central Committee announced the decision to adjust the company’s chairman and party secretary: according to the needs of work and the relevant regulations on the age of the leaders of central enterprises, Comrade Chen Zhaoxiong was removed from the post of chairman and party secretary of China Electronics Technology Group Co., Ltd.

Chen Zhaoxiong was born in September, 1961. Since then, he has been dismissed, and he is nearly 62 years old.

Similarly, Zhu Yanfeng, the former chairman of Dongfeng Motor Group, was born in March 1961 and was 62 years old when the central government announced his dismissal in March.

The above three dismissed cadres are all middle-ranking cadres, all over 60 years old. In addition, the reporter of China Economic Weekly combed and found that in the recent adjustment of senior executives of central enterprises, "working age" was also mentioned, and some senior executives just turned 60. For example, Chi Jingtao, the former general manager of China Grain Storage, who was dismissed in April this year, was born in January 1963. When the central government announced his dismissal, he was 60 years old.

In addition, in the adjustment of senior executives of central enterprises this year, there were also cases of announcing dismissal and proposing "another appointment".

On February 1st, 2023, the Central Committee announced that Wen Gang was removed from the post of Chairman and Party Secretary of China Rongtong Asset Management Group Co., Ltd. and was appointed separately.

At the same time, at the meeting of middle-level and above managers of China Shipping Group Co., Ltd. held on the same day, the central government announced that Wen Gang was appointed as the chairman and party secretary of China Shipping Group Co., Ltd.

The senior executives of central enterprises adjusted this year also have post adjustments within the same central enterprise. The Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China recently issued a notice appointing Comrade Wang Jiezhi as the director and deputy secretary of the party group of China National Nuclear Corporation, and removing him from the post of head of the discipline inspection and supervision team of China National Nuclear Corporation.

"There are a variety of situations in the adjustment of the positions of leaders of central enterprises, but we must adhere to the principle of party management of cadres when adjusting. According to the Regulations on the Management of Leaders of Central Enterprises, we should select good cadres who are loyal to the party, brave in innovation, well-managed enterprises, promising enterprises, and honest and clean. These are also the concretization of good cadre standards in state-owned enterprises. " Xu Baoli said.

Source | China Economic Weekly Wang Hongru　

Original title "19 deputy ministerial-level central enterprises have changed their" heads ""

Feng Timo： The actress who has been discussed a lot, once accompanied the second generation of rich people, was exposed by large-scale videos, and now she is in the advanced stage of cancer!

[Title] Feng Timo: The actress has a lot of discussions. She once had an episode with the rich second generation, and now she is in the advanced stage of cancer!

[Text] @2018, Feng Timo became popular with a single called "Buddhist Girl", which quickly became a popular track and was widely disseminated on major short video platforms. However, Feng Timo’s past of sleeping with the rich second generation was recently exposed by a large-scale video, which attracted great attention on the Internet.

According to reports, in 2016, a man named Wang worked as an accountant in a real estate company. It is said that he used public funds to give gifts in the live stream on a large scale, including gifts worth 1.60 million yuan to Feng Timo. However, the exposure of this incident has brought great pressure and negative evaluation to Feng Timo.

Ms. Von Timo faced another major setback recently when she was diagnosed with terminal cancer, prompting an outpouring of discussion and concern on social media, with many expressing their wishes and support.

Despite the buzz, Feng Timo is still a popular actress. Her musical talent and personal charm have attracted the love of many fans. Her single "Buddhist Girl" is worth mentioning, which explains the life attitude of modern young people with unique melodies and sincere lyrics, resonating with the younger generation.

Ms. Feng’s story has also brought some reflection. Both the exposure of the Fuerdai episode and her current illness have made people aware of the pressures and challenges of being a public figure. Ms. Feng’s experience is a microcosm of the entertainment industry, and it has also made people think about how to protect their privacy and dignity in this age of public opinion.

In the face of controversy and difficulties, Feng Timo has shown a strong side. Even with terminal cancer, she still faces life with courage and positivity. We hope she can overcome the disease and continue to bring us moving songs and positive energy.

In general, Feng Timo is a much-watched actress. Her story has both the interludes of public opinion and the challenges brought by illness, but she has touched the hearts of many people with her persistence and positive face. Whether it is the charm of music or her attitude towards life, people are full of expectations and admiration for Feng Timo.

[Format]

Feng Timo: The actress has a lot of discussions. She once had an episode with the rich second generation, and now she is in the advanced stage of cancer!

In 2018, Feng Timo became popular with a single called "Buddhist Girl", which quickly became a popular track and was widely disseminated on major short video platforms. However, Feng Timo’s past of sleeping with the rich second generation was recently exposed by a large-scale video, which attracted great attention on the Internet.

According to reports, in 2016, a man named Wang worked as an accountant in a real estate company. It is said that he used public funds to give gifts in the live stream on a large scale, including gifts worth 1.60 million yuan to Feng Timo. However, the exposure of this incident has brought great pressure and negative evaluation to Feng Timo.

Ms. Von Timo faced another major setback recently when she was diagnosed with terminal cancer, prompting an outpouring of discussion and concern on social media, with many expressing their wishes and support.

Despite the buzz, Feng Timo is still a popular actress. Her musical talent and personal charm have attracted the love of many fans. Her single "Buddhist Girl" is worth mentioning, which explains the life attitude of modern young people with unique melodies and sincere lyrics, resonating with the younger generation.

Ms. Feng’s story has also brought some reflection. Both the exposure of the Fuerdai episode and her current illness have made people aware of the pressures and challenges of being a public figure. Ms. Feng’s experience is a microcosm of the entertainment industry, and it has also made people think about how to protect their privacy and dignity in this age of public opinion.

Responsible editor:

Geely nova will be listed in seven days! Sell 147,700 4S shop discount 18,000

The online auto market learned from Geely officials that the Star Yue L Changfeng Edition will be listed on March 26th, and official website showed that the guide price of the new car is 147,700 yuan, which is 10,500 yuan more expensive than the comfort version of the entry version, adding 31 configurations. According to the sales, Xingyue L Changfeng Edition now offers a discount of 18,000 yuan, and it will be sold after the benefit of 129,700 yuan.

On the basis of comfort, Xingyue L Changfeng Edition adds quiet double-layer sound insulation glass, automatic window closing in rain, electric folding of exterior rearview mirror, IHBC intelligent high beam control, aurora dot matrix penetrating taillights, distance-sensing electric tailgate (anti-pinch), 8 speakers, 72-color stepless color-changing breathing atmosphere lights, 8-way electric adjustment of main driver’s seat, 4-way electric adjustment of lumbar support of main driver’s seat, memory of main driver’s seat, ventilation of main driver’s seat and 6-way electric adjustment of auxiliary driver’s seat.

The new car also adds a 12.3-inch full LCD instrument, a 12.3-inch HD passenger dedicated screen, a 4-tone voice recognition system for the whole car, front/rear integrated double-sided safety air curtains, front pre-tensioned safety belts, rear two-sided safety belts, front/rear safety belts not reminded, ACC S&G full-speed adaptive cruise, AEB urban pre-collision system, AEB-P pedestrian identification and protection system, LDW lane departure warning system and SLIF speed limit sign.

The new car continues to be equipped with a 2.0T turbocharged engine, with a maximum power of 160kW and a maximum torque of 325N·m, matching a 7-speed wet dual-clutch gearbox, and the fuel consumption under WLTC is 7.5L/100km.