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News headlines during the Spring Festival in the 1950s.

Since 1980s, a large number of migrant workers have flooded into cities.

In 1985, Beijing held the first Spring Festival commodity fair.

　　Do you know that the current Spring Festival is actually only 102 years old? Hobsbawm, a leftist historian, once put forward the term "invented tradition", which means that many people think that the tradition is "ancient" and is a living creation of contemporary people, and the Spring Festival is undoubtedly the best example.

　　On the afternoon of February 1st, the 11th Urban Forum hosted by Luo Xiaoming, an associate professor in the Department of Cultural Studies of Shanghai University, was held in Monsoon Bookstore. Three doctoral students from this department, Deng Jian, Zhang Shanshan and Wang Leiguang, talked about how people participated in the transformation of the Spring Festival in the process of rapid urbanization, and how the participation of national policies and personal life experiences promoted the formation of new customs.

　　The Spring Festival is only 102 years old.

　　To bid farewell to the old and welcome the new, and to have a family reunion, the Spring Festival can be regarded as the most important festival in Chinese. However, unlike western religious festivals, the Spring Festival is a year-old festival formed and developed under the agricultural civilization. About its origin, it is generally accepted that when Yu Shun ascended the throne, he led his men to worship heaven and earth. There are different names for the Spring Festival in history. In Qin Dynasty, it was called Shangri and Yuanri; in Han Dynasty, it was called Niandan and Zhengdan; in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, it was called Nianchao and Fuehrer; in Tang and Song Dynasties, it was called Nianri and SGD; in Qing Dynasty, it was called New Year’s Day and Yuanri. After the Republic of China, this festival gradually evolved into a national festival from Laba Festival to Lantern Festival.

　　In 1912, the Republic of China announced that January 1 of the solar calendar would be changed to "New Year", but its implementation among the people met with obstacles. In January, 1914, Zhu Qiqian, then the head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, obeyed public opinion and proposed that New Year’s Day in the lunar calendar should be designated as the Spring Festival, Dragon Boat Festival as the summer festival, Mid-Autumn Festival as the autumn festival, and Winter Solstice as the winter festival. All citizens should have a rest, and public employees should also be given a day off. "With the approval of Yuan Shikai, this laid a coexistence pattern in which the first day of the solar calendar is New Year’s Day and the first day of the first month of the lunar calendar is the Spring Festival." Therefore, the Spring Festival we are celebrating now is actually only 102 years old.

　　At the beginning of the Republic of China, the government tried to move activities such as celebrating the New Year, offering sacrifices to ancestors and posting Spring Festival couplets to New Year’s Day in the solar calendar, but the strong traditional consciousness of the people kept these customs in the Spring Festival.

　　The three speakers narrowed down the research materials to People’s Daily after New China, and searched with "Spring Festival" as the key word, and got a total of 370 reports. Although there are limitations, it also reflects how the Spring Festival has changed in the last half century.

　　1949— 1956: Spring Festival combined with publicity

　　"Eating" has always been an important element of the Spring Festival. Under the background of insufficient materials, Chinese’s habit of hoarding food before the Spring Festival made "the price rise during the Spring Festival" an iron law. However, in 1951, Beijing seemed to break this convention and spent a Spring Festival with "stable prices as usual". There are two reasons: First, the Beijing Municipal Administration for Industry and Commerce called on state-owned trading companies, cooperatives and relevant private businesses to come. Second, the Ministry of Trade has specially stipulated that prices should be stabilized during the Spring Festival. It can be seen that at this time, the government has begun to respond to the unstable factors that may occur during the holidays.

　　However, the biggest feature of the Spring Festival in this period was that the entertainment programs were smeared with a strong political color. Workers’ and peasants’ parties and military-civilian parties are two important forms in this period. Workers and farmers from all over the country will hold grand get-together activities during the Spring Festival. Deng Jian pointed out that this kind of recreational activities, which are participatory rather than immediate, make people feel the flavor of the year more personally. The military-civilian party is almost the only uninterrupted form of party since liberation.

　　During this period, almost every year’s Spring Festival literary and artistic activities have a fixed theme, without exception, this theme is related to political propaganda: the propaganda of the Marriage Law in 1953 and the general line in 1954. Although this kind of propaganda request has not been appealed to legal documents, those who fail to meet the standards will still be criticized. In 1952, the Spring Festival performance of the Central Academy of Drama was criticized because its program did not meet the needs of the real struggle, and the Academy of Drama had to make a review.

　　1956-1966: celebrating the Spring Festival in an unconventional way.

　　Nowadays, people often say "Spring Festival travel rush is difficult". In fact, as early as 1950s, Spring Festival travel rush was already difficult. In 1954, the country made it clear for the first time that Spring Festival travel rush time was one month before and after the Spring Festival, and the Ministry of Railways set up the Spring Festival Passenger Transport Office, which was on duty day and night. In 1957, for the first time, the State Council issued a special instruction on how to do a good job in Spring Festival travel rush, asking enterprises and schools to mobilize employees and students to understand the difficulties of railway transportation, and to leave early, late or not.

　　Solving the Spring Festival travel rush problem was combined with the Great Leap Forward movement in 1958, which achieved the call of "breaking the routine and celebrating the Spring Festival". "Don’t go home if you can" has become a common consensus and slogan, and coal mines, water conservancy projects and government departments are the most thoroughly implemented industries. A report in 1959 wrote that on New Year’s Eve this year, the most lively thing was the Ming Tombs Reservoir site. The labor songs of more than 27,000 migrant workers, officers and soldiers, cadres and students resounded throughout the New Year’s Eve.

　　In the 1960s, some old habits of extravagance and gambling made a comeback in the society. At this time, the call for "celebrating the Spring Festival in the spirit of revolution" came accordingly, and it became fashionable to oppose worshipping gods and ancestors, eating and drinking, and celebrating the holidays with a healthy and frugal attitude.

　　1966-1976: Revolutionary Spring Festival

　　This decade is a special period in the history of New China. In 1967, the State Council issued a notice that there will be no holiday this Spring Festival, and China has since entered a "revolutionary Spring Festival".

　　The so-called "revolutionary Spring Festival" has three points in simple terms: First, we should "grasp the revolution to promote production", not go home during the Spring Festival, actively participate in productive labor, and turn winter leisure into winter busy; Second, all the so-called "feudal customs" during the Spring Festival are prohibited, such as setting off firecrackers, burning incense and worshipping Buddha, dancing dragons and lions, kowtowing to pay New Year greetings, etc. Third, no eating and drinking, let alone playing cards.

　　The familiar custom of Spring Festival is only "posting Spring Festival couplets", but the content is quite different from the original greeting, and the most distinctive one is "Don’t stop fighting at 30, continue to work on the first day".

　　At that time, the most typical scene of celebrating the Spring Festival was: the family sat around the statue of Chairman Mao to have a New Year’s Eve dinner. Before meals, a family meeting will be held to criticize the private sector. Parents will put down their airs and criticize and self-criticize each other with their children. Children can also "fire" at their parents.

　　Eating is still an important part of the Chinese New Year, but it is not "eating well" but "eating poorly" that is popular in this period. Unit canteens in cities and commune canteens in rural areas will organize people to eat "recalling bitter thoughts and sweet rice" — — According to local conditions, what tastes bad is cooked with wild vegetables, tree roots, corn paste and dried sweet potatoes. The purpose is to let everyone remember the "evil old society" and love the new society.

　　1979-1989: Go home safely and have a happy New Year.

　　On January 17th, 1979, People’s Daily published a letter from readers entitled "Why don’t we have a holiday during the Spring Festival", which received responses from all over the country. In 1980, the holiday system for the Spring Festival was fully returned, and the first big problem that followed was Spring Festival travel rush.

　　At the beginning of 1981, the number of passengers in the first two months reached 1.21; In Spring Festival travel rush in 1982, the number of passengers in Beijing Station alone reached 5.32 million. Why is there such a large flow? People often attribute this to a group — — "Blind flow" refers to people who migrate from rural permanent residence to cities and have no stable jobs and permanent residence.

　　In 1984, the "No.1 Document" of the Central Committee allowed farmers to take care of their own rations and enter cities and towns to work, do business and run enterprises. In the 1980s, four migration circles were formed: the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region on the eastern coast, the Yangtze River Delta region, the Pearl River Delta region, and the Xinjiang region, which is rich in minerals and convenient for foreign trade and has an excellent geographical location. When these migrant workers concentrate on returning home for the Spring Festival, they often buy tickets and may not get on the bus to get home. People often run at the station with big bags and small bags, and even many people climb into the carriage from the window before the train leaves. According to statistics, 880,000 people returned home standing on the train in 1988. Safe holidays and safe return home are also put forward in this context.

　　During this period, cultural activities during the Spring Festival were in full swing. Television programs have not only increased significantly, but also have rich themes. They are no longer limited to revolutionary education, and more TV dramas close to life have begun to be put on the silver screen. However, the most noteworthy thing in the 1980s was the holding of the first Spring Festival Gala of CCTV in 1983. No matter whether people are enjoying or spitting, this feast has been with us for 31 years.

　　The economic situation is so good that people are no longer stretched to buy new year’s goods. In 1985, the first Spring Festival commodity fair was held in Beijing.

　　However, the richness of materials and entertainment did not satisfy people for a long time. On February 8, 1989, People’s Daily published an article entitled "The Cold Spring Festival and the Hot Christmas in Shanghai". Traditional festivals urgently need to find new forms and new contents in the new era.

　　1990-present: Going out and going home

　　The key word of the new form is "outside": going out for dinner and traveling.

　　In the 1990s, eating out for New Year’s Eve became popular. In 1996, the Beijing Municipal Government put forward the slogan "Hundreds of hotels welcome family banquets, hundreds of shopping malls hang colored lights, and hundreds of hotels celebrate the New Year".

　　In 1999, the State Council promulgated the new "National Holidays and Remembrance Days", which spliced the rest time of the Spring Festival, May Day and November with the weekends before and after, thus forming a 7-day "Golden Week". The Golden Week tourism season was born.

　　In the Spring Festival Evening in 1999, a song called "Go home often to see" sang a lot of people’s voices. Going home to see the reunion of the elderly with their families in the Spring Festival has once again become the appeal of the society. In 2013, the Law on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of the Elderly was revised and officially "Go home often to see" entered the law. However, the taste of going home has gradually changed in recent years. The red envelope gifts and greetings from relatives and friends during the Spring Festival have increasingly become a burden. The word "fear of returning home" came into being. When "love" gradually became "debt", the original taste of the Spring Festival was diluted.

　　As a festival passed down from the farming society, people can always find a place to revel in the traditional small-scale peasant economy society. However, in different historical periods of New China, the Spring Festival has been kneaded and reshaped under the background of rapid industrialization and marketization.

　　Before the Cultural Revolution, the Spring Festival was a cultural ceremony under the tide of national revolution and production. Workers, peasants and soldiers all participated in it. It was a "big Spring Festival". Although the materials were poor, everyone was moved by the rich atmosphere of the New Year. From the late 1970s to the present, the consumer market has not only enriched the year, but also made it stale. During the "Little Spring Festival" in this period, the family was emphasized to get together and share the family happiness, but going home gradually became an embarrassing topic of "love and hate".

　　【 HarmonyOS system can be used on mobile phones? Yu Chengdong: Anytime] On the 9th, at the Huawei Developers Conference, Huawei’s own system HarmonyOS was officially unveiled, and the system was open source. Can HarmonyOS be used on mobile phones? Yu Chengdong, CEO of Huawei’s consumer business, said at the scene, "At any time, but considering the partners and ecological construction, the mobile phone still gives priority to using Android."

　　　 Movie Network News(Photo/Venice Film Festival News Team) Sometimes, the identity of a male idol is more embarrassing than that of a female vase – a dignified seven-foot man can’t always be told to eat with his face. Therefore, transformation has become the only way for a large number of male stars to debut as idol actors, sooner or later, like Feng Delun, the director of "Tai Chi", and Peng Yuyan, the villain.

Peng Yuyan said he really wanted to have some breakthroughs in the performance

　　　 Villain first experience — I didn’t want to play a particularly evil person.

　　　 Ten years ago, Peng Yuyan was still the spotless teenager in the "White Paper on Love". Later, he was no longer satisfied with the single idol line. He practiced his muscles in the middle and seemed to have fought a bloody path, which made people impressed. In the middle, Peng Yuyan surprised people and played a big villain – which trick is this?

　　　 Movie Network: When I first heard that the villain in Tai Chi was you, I was actually quite surprised, because your image was too positive and the image of a high-quality idol was too clear. Did you deliberately want to break this state before taking this scene?

　　　 Peng Yuyan: In fact, I don’t particularly want to talk about breaking any state, because I have shot some plays before, like, it is a relatively student, a relatively simple love story, "Roll Over! A Xin" is a gymnast, shot some plays to learn something, I have always wanted to break through in the performance, this time playing the villain is a rather new attempt for me, it is a challenge.

　　　 I have collaborated with Feng Delun before, and when he asked me to shoot "Tai Chi", I was also surprised how I could play a villain. After chatting with Feng Delun, I felt that this villain is not an ordinary villain, because it is three episodes. This villain follows emotions. From a young man with ideals and ambitions, he wants to create a railway in his Tai Chi village – Chenjiagou, a lot of things happened in the process, so how did he go from a literary and artistic youth to being slowly eroded by interests and rights, and finally become an evil villain. He (transformation) has a process, a complete story, and is very close to the villain I want to play. It is a very interesting villain.

　　　 Movie Network: How do you understand the role of Fang Zijing? Do you think he is bad? Do you think you are bad?

　　　 Peng Yuyan: I didn’t deliberately play a very evil person. I wanted to make a normal performance, but I didn’t know how bad or torn I was after editing. When I designed this character, I wanted the audience to see a different villain and a different performance from my previous one.

　　　 Movie Network: Fang Zijing was actually not a villain at the beginning. He also experienced some failures that led to some distortions. What do you think were the main factors that led him to go against Chen Jiacun?

　　　 Peng Yuyan: I play this character Fang Zijing grew up in Chenjiagou (the birthplace of Taijiquan). He is a foreign surname and cannot learn Taijiquan. He was bullied by Angelababy’s two older brothers. He was a thin and bullied boy. Later, he went to study in the UK and wanted to use what he learned to rebuild his home after returning. So he has to use many things, such as Yuniang (baby) ‘s connections. After going through this incident, he found that everyone still looked down on him and was a character with low self-esteem. So when he felt he had to fulfill his mission, he brought his "Troy" with him, and actually he didn’t mean to hurt the villagers, but a tragedy happened — his love Claire died, and then "Troy" died, which hit him hard, and he had nothing left, so he became more and more cold-blooded, more and more extreme, and by the second episode, the character’s character was even more different.

The next page: The regret of action movies

　　China is a big producer and user of lead-acid batteries, and the output of lead-acid batteries accounts for more than 40% of the world’s total output. At present, despite the rapid development of lithium batteries and hydrogen batteries, lead-acid batteries are still widely used in transportation, communication, energy storage, logistics and other industries because of their stable performance, safe use and high cost performance. Zhang Tianren, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Tianneng Group, told the Science and Technology Daily reporter that with the improvement of environmental protection and industry access, at present, the pollution source of lead-acid batteries has shifted from production to recycling and regeneration.

　　The Interim Measures for the Management of Lead-acid Battery Recycling (Draft for Comment) (hereinafter referred to as the "Measures") drafted by the National Development and Reform Commission, etc., is precisely to grasp the weakest link in the prevention and control of lead-acid battery pollution throughout its life cycle, and requires that the standardized recovery rate should reach over 60% by the end of 2025.

　　"Underground industrial chain" recycling accounts for 70%

　　With the continuous exploitation of lead ore resources in China, there are not many primary lead reserves, which can no longer meet the domestic industrial demand for lead. The data shows that in 2018, China’s refined lead production was about 5.25 million tons, accounting for about 44% of the global lead production. Among them, there are about 3 million tons of primary lead and 2.25 million tons of recycled lead. At this development rate, China’s lead ore resources will be basically mined after 10 years. If the recycling of waste lead-acid batteries and lead-containing wastes is not accelerated, there will be a serious shortage of lead resources in China.

　　Zhang Tianren said that the environmental pollution of lead-acid batteries in the manufacturing process can be prevented, cured and controlled, but the pollution situation in illegal recycling and disposal is serious. Some small business hawkers buy illegally in the streets and lanes. After simple crushing, they sell lead plates to unqualified small workshops and small smelters. Small smelters lack or even have no environmental protection facilities, and they can be smelted with just one pot; Batteries are disassembled at will, acid liquid is dumped at will, lead dust is discharged at will, and lead slag is disposed at will.

　　According to incomplete statistics, about 198 million lead-acid batteries weighing more than 5 million tons are scrapped every year, of which only 30% are recycled through formal channels and standardized smelting, while 70% are recycled through "underground industrial chain". In China, more than 300,000 tons of lead-containing waste acid are directly dumped due to illegal recycling every year, which seriously pollutes the environment.

　　In order to solve the problem of illegal purchase by small traders and hawkers, the Measures put forward the "ledger system and big data management", that is, the electronic ledger system for key nodes in the whole life cycle of lead-acid batteries is implemented, and lead-acid battery production (import), sales, collection, storage, transportation and resource utilization enterprises should establish ledgers as required to record the types, quantities, flow directions and other information of waste lead-acid batteries; Enterprises such as lead battery production (import), sales and resource utilization record electronic ledger information, and upload the last quarter ledger information to the lead battery life cycle management information system within the first 15 days of each quarter.

　　Zheng Qiuhua, general manager of Guangdong Lvxun Energy Technology Co., Ltd., said that this enables the collection of each waste lead-acid battery to achieve the purpose of "traceability, quantity and responsibility", thus improving the standardized recovery rate of waste lead-acid batteries and reducing the risk of environmental pollution.

　　Solve "difficulties" such as trans-provincial transshipment and network construction.

　　"Supporting large-scale backbone lead-acid battery manufacturers to establish a standardized recycling system and bringing the recycling and disposal of used batteries into a standardized track will help protect the ecological environment." Zhang Tianren explained that there are three main difficulties in building a recycling system. First of all, it is difficult to transport lead-acid batteries across provinces. As waste lead-acid batteries are classified as hazardous waste, a hazardous waste transfer form must be filled in when transferring them across provinces. Generally speaking, even if the approval procedures are smooth, it will take about 3 months; Secondly, it is difficult to build outlets. According to the requirements of relevant national laws and regulations, it takes more than half a year to engage in the recycling business of used lead-acid batteries, and the procedures are complicated. It is also necessary to build a standardized recycling company in each prefecture-level city, which is costly. There is also a shortcoming in finance and taxation. Recycling enterprises disperse recycling from individuals or outlets. It is impossible for individuals to issue VAT invoices to recycling enterprises. However, when selling waste batteries to regular recycling enterprises, 17% VAT invoices are required, which is too expensive. Small business hawkers sell to small smelters through invoice-free transactions, and the cost is greatly reduced. "This is the main reason why regular enterprises can’t collect used batteries or buy them at a loss."

　　The "Measures" propose that the undamaged waste lead batteries with intact tamper-proof labels should be conditionally exempted from hazardous waste management in collection, temporary storage, storage and transportation; If there is no tamper-proof mark, the tamper-proof mark is incomplete or damaged, it shall be managed as hazardous waste.

　　"In the past, even the waste lead-acid batteries with complete packaging and no damage had to be transported by special vehicles for hazardous chemicals logistics, and the price of special vehicles for hazardous chemicals logistics was more than twice that of ordinary logistics transport vehicles." Zhang Tianren said that the differentiated management of the Measures has greatly reduced various procedures for formal recycling enterprises, reduced their operating costs and improved their market competitiveness.

　　The Measures also put forward "joint recycling", that is, encourage lead battery manufacturers, sales enterprises, standardized recycling enterprises, resource utilization enterprises and harmless disposal enterprises to strengthen cooperation and jointly build a recycling network system for waste lead batteries; Encourage production enterprises to establish a reverse recovery network system of used lead batteries by relying on motor vehicle maintenance outlets and battery sales networks, and encourage production enterprises to adopt business strategies such as "trade-in" and "sell one for another" to improve the reverse recovery rate.

　　Zheng Qiuhua said that countries such as Europe and the United States have started collecting and utilizing waste lead-acid batteries earlier, and have more standardized recycling systems and policies. If the United States implements the deposit system, users need to add a high recovery deposit when purchasing lead-acid batteries, forcing users to hand over scrapped lead-acid batteries to designated recovery points for recycling, otherwise the deposit will not be refunded; German law requires manufacturers of lead-acid batteries to sell and collect waste lead-acid batteries in a "one-for-one" way, otherwise the sales of lead-acid batteries will be prohibited. The "Measures" also absorbed foreign advanced experience and narrowed the gap between domestic and foreign countries in regulating recycling and recycling.

　　Improve the punishment mechanism to prevent "resurgence"

　　Waste lead batteries contain 65% lead plate, 20% sulfuric acid, 15% plastic and other auxiliary materials. The lead recovery rate of waste lead storage batteries in developed countries is over 98%, and that of large-scale recycled lead enterprises in China is generally over 90%, and some recycled lead enterprises adopting international technology and equipment even reach 99.9%. However, the process of small workshops and smelters is backward, and the lead recovery rate is less than 70%. Even if the recovery rate is 90%, the annual lead loss caused by small smelters is about 700,000 tons. Moreover, the cost of obtaining resources through regeneration is much lower than the cost of obtaining resources directly from smelting and processing of ores and raw materials.

　　In order to combat and put an end to illegal recycling and recycling, the Measures stipulate that units and individuals engaged in the sale, collection, storage, transportation and resource utilization of lead-acid batteries without obtaining industrial and commercial business licenses shall be punished; Those who sell waste lead-acid batteries to non-compliant enterprises shall be ordered to make rectification within a time limit and other relatively perfect "punishment mechanisms".

　　In this regard, Zhang Tianren said that small recycled lead refineries built without environmental protection approval should be resolutely banned, joint law enforcement should be strengthened, a high-pressure situation should be maintained, and a long-term mechanism should be established to prevent "resurgence"; Those responsible for causing environmental pollution shall be severely punished and held jointly and severally liable; Give play to the role of public supervision, set up a reward mechanism for reporting, and investigate and deal with reports together; Increase consumer education, so that the whole people can establish the concept of saving resources and protecting the environment, and consciously resist the pollution in the process of disposal and regeneration of waste lead batteries.

　　Including the planning and tightening of lead storage battery recycling management, the threshold of lead storage battery industry is being further improved. For example, at the beginning of July this year, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology punished seven lead battery manufacturers, including Jiangsu Jinchangxing Power Supply Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen Xiongtao Power Technology Co., Ltd., which did not meet the "Lead Battery Industry Specification Conditions (2015 Edition)" and "Lead Battery Industry Announcement Management Measures (2015 Edition)". (Reporter Li He)