Vocational education is an important part of modern national education system, which plays a special and important role in implementing the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education and strengthening the country through talents. This year’s government work report clearly stated that it is necessary to "promote the high-quality and balanced development of compulsory education and the integration of urban and rural areas, vigorously develop vocational education, and promote the innovation of higher education". At present, what are the problems in the development of domestic vocational education? How to better promote the connection between vocational education and industrial demand? How to improve the running level of vocational education … … At the National People’s Congress, many deputies paid attention to topics related to vocational education and brought their own observations and thoughts.
Luo Weihong, NPC deputy.
Broaden the access to further studies and make vocational education more "promising"
During the previous interview and investigation, Luo Weihong, deputy of the National People’s Congress and deputy director of the Standing Committee of Hangzhou Municipal People’s Congress in Zhejiang Province, summed up several dilemmas in the field of vocational education: the channels for vocational education to enter higher schools are narrow, the society is biased against vocational education, vocational education has not been organically linked with industrial development, and there are still many factors that hinder the high-quality development of vocational education. She suggested that it is necessary to promote the vertical integration of vocational education at different levels, speed up the establishment of the "vocational college entrance examination" system, improve the examination enrollment method of "cultural quality+vocational skills", and encourage head vocational colleges to pilot undergraduate vocational education or undergraduate majors.
Vocational education is "dwarfed" and "narrowed"
On the current problems faced by vocational education, Luo Weihong made a summary after visiting and investigating. "The first is the narrow channels for vocational education, and parents and students ‘ Always worry about ’ . According to the 2020 national sampling survey of secondary vocational school graduates by China Institute of Education and Finance Science of Peking University, among the nearly 20,000 samples, the proportion of entering higher education is about 65%, but only 6.5% of them enter undergraduate colleges. For a long time, vocational education ‘ Ceiling ’ Not really broken. "
Secondly, vocational education is still "dwarfed" and "narrowed", and parents and students "disapprove". Luo Weihong found that the society generally pays more attention to general education than vocational education, and people and property are inclined to general education. For example, if the enrollment system is not comprehensive enough, the enrollment batches of students in vocational colleges are basically ranked last, and "job-general diversion" has become "job-general stratification"; Local land for education gives priority to ensuring general education, and the investment in vocational colleges is obviously insufficient, and the level of running schools is relatively low, which leads to the development of vocational education seriously lagging behind general education. At the same time, the society and parents have different degrees of prejudice against vocational education, thinking that vocational education is "ending education", "low-level education" or even "eliminating education", and the orientation of "only prestigious schools" and "only academic qualifications" in the recruitment and employment process of enterprises and institutions has not been fundamentally reversed.
In addition, vocational education has failed to link up with industrial development organically, which also makes parents and students worry. On the one hand, the vocational education system is slow to respond to the needs of economic and social development, and there is no benign interaction mechanism between it and industrial development. The problems of "integration of production and education without integration" and "incompatibility between school and enterprise" still exist. On the other hand, the supply side of talent training and the demand side of industry can not fully adapt to the type structure, the quality of students and the technical level, and the supply and demand match is not enough. The data shows that in China’s workforce, senior technicians only account for 5% of the total number, which is much lower than that of Germany and Japan. The overall investment in training high-skilled talents is insufficient, the total number of talents is short, the structure is unreasonable, and leading talents are scarce.
Continue to broaden the channels for further studies.
How to unblock the "overpass" of vocational education and really support economic and social development and industrial transformation and upgrading? Luo Weihong believes that we should start with the training of talents, continuously broaden the channels for further studies, and make vocational education more "promising". "For example, strengthen the infiltration and integration of general education and vocational education in all periods, promote the horizontal integration of different types of education, and further improve the growth of talents ‘ Overpass ’ . Promote the vertical integration of vocational education at different levels and accelerate the establishment of ‘ Vocational college entrance examination ’ System, perfection ‘ Cultural quality+vocational skills ’ The examination enrollment method, improve the quality of students. Encourage head vocational colleges to pilot undergraduate vocational education or undergraduate majors, steadily promote the construction of undergraduate vocational education colleges, and improve the level of vocational education. "
How to make vocational education more hopeful? Luo Weihong called for consensus to increase investment, establish a financial investment system that is compatible with the scale, training cost and quality of running a school, formulate and implement the standard of per student funding or public funding in vocational colleges according to regulations, and increase education funding to favor vocational education. Adhere to the idea of "one chess game", rationally plan and distribute vocational education resources, strengthen the guarantee of funds, land and other factors, give priority to planning and building vocational colleges in industrial clusters, and promote industrial development. Party and government organs, institutions and social organizations should take the lead in carrying out activities such as "Vocational Education Activity Week" and "Artisans’ Day" in depth, correct the orientation of "only prestigious schools" and "only academic qualifications" among employers, select advanced models such as model workers, skilled craftsmen and high-quality workers, create a good development environment for vocational education, reverse social prejudice against vocational education, and eliminate educational anxiety caused by the separation of vocational education and general education.
Accurate docking of talent supply and demand
To make vocational education more "learned", we must also accurately connect the supply and demand of talents. "To this end, to do a good job in industrial demand side management, relevant departments should study and formulate industry talent demand planning according to economic and social development, put forward the enrollment direction, quantity and skill requirements of vocational education, and guide vocational colleges to carry out professional settings. Relevant local departments at all levels should take the initiative to connect with senior vocational and technical colleges and build ‘ School-enterprise ’ Platform, release the recruitment needs of high-quality enterprises through the platform, etc., to transport young blood for high-quality enterprises and lay the foundation for cultivating blue-collar talents. In-depth exploration of the policy of supporting the integration of production and education, adhere to the principle of government leading and joint participation of enterprises and colleges, give certain tax incentives or related subsidies to participating enterprises, timely evaluate and revise relevant policies, and promote the integration of production and education and school-enterprise cooperation to really play a role. Promote the implementation of the implementation plan for the reform of vocational education in various places, formulate relevant operational procedures, clarify the performance appraisal and distribution arrangements for the rest of the social service income of vocational colleges, and fully mobilize the enthusiasm of colleges. " Luo Weihong said.
"According to the needs of economic and social development, vocational colleges should closely connect with the trend of industrial upgrading and technological change, open more specialties that are in short supply and meet market demand, promote the integration of production and education, school-enterprise cooperation, attract more young people to receive vocational skills education, and promote the effective connection between education chain, talent chain and industrial chain, and innovation chain. In colleges and universities, students in vocational colleges should be encouraged and advocated to return to technical posts, providing youth strength for the sustainable development of ingenious enterprises and the grand blueprint for manufacturing a strong country. " Luo Weihong called for vocational education to gain its due social status and realize its real value. Text/reporter Jiang Ruojing
Yang Jinlong, NPC deputy.
Expanding the enrollment scale of vocational colleges and cultivating "new craftsmen" with high academic qualifications
Rooted in the field of vocational education, Yang Jinlong, a representative of the National People’s Congress and a teacher of Hangzhou Technician College, has paid attention to some difficulties in the process of building vocational universities. For example, the scale of national vocational and technical universities is insufficient, and the structural contradiction between supply and demand of high-skilled talents exists in various places to varying degrees, and some high-quality and high-level technical talents with special skills are even more scarce. He believes that it is necessary to increase the index of public undergraduate vocational schools, increase the opportunities for colleges with "double-high plan" to upgrade their universities, and focus on supporting national "double-high plan" colleges with high degree of key industries, deep integration of production and education, distinctive school-running characteristics and excellent talent training quality.
The construction scale of vocational universities is insufficient.
Yang Jinlong found that the development of vocational undergraduate education is an important way to further optimize the positioning of vocational education types and cultivate more high-quality technical and technical talents, skilled craftsmen and artisans in big countries. However, there are still three problems to be solved in the process of building vocational universities in various places. "First of all, the construction scale of the National Vocational and Technical University is insufficient. In 2022, there were 6.62 million students enrolled in higher vocational education in China, including 41,400 students enrolled in vocational undergraduate education, accounting for less than 1%, far below the central government’s goal that the enrollment scale of vocational undergraduate education should not be less than 10% of the enrollment scale of higher vocational education in 2025. For example, in Shandong Province, where the national enrollment scale is relatively large, the enrollment of higher vocational education in 2022 is about 430,000, including about 18,000 vocational undergraduate students, accounting for 4% of the enrollment scale of higher vocational education, which is far from the national goal. "
At present, the development scale of vocational universities is limited by policies. Yang Jinlong said that in August, 2021, the Ministry of Education’s Notice on the Establishment Planning of Colleges and Universities during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period stipulated that "in principle, there should be no more than two vocational schools at the undergraduate level in each province (autonomous region or municipality)", which restricted the high-quality development of vocational education in some provinces and municipalities. In 2022, there were 32 vocational schools at undergraduate level in China, of which only 10 were public.
The subject level of vocational education is low.
Yang Jinlong found that the structural contradiction between supply and demand of high-skilled personnel exists in different degrees in all parts of the country, and there is a shortage of high-quality and high-level technical personnel in some special skills positions. "The main reason is that the subject level of vocational education is low, and skilled talents mainly come from secondary vocational schools, vocational high schools, technical schools and other secondary vocational schools. In addition, the orientation of some higher vocational colleges is not clear enough, and the pertinence and adaptability of vocational education are not strong. In some areas, the ratio of general education to vocational education is seriously out of balance, and the proportion of vocational education students after the senior high school entrance examination and college entrance examination is far below the scale of academic education."
Give full play to the advantages of long-term academic system training
To this end, Yang Jinlong suggested that the number of indicators and the proportion of general posts in vocational and technical universities in different regions should be adjusted. "It is suggested that the administrative department of education should thoroughly investigate the market demand and educational conditions in various places, flexibly set indicators according to local conditions, eliminate the constraints of existing indicators to control the scale of vocational education undergraduate development, and increase the indicators of public undergraduate vocational schools. Further expand the pilot reform of vocational schools at the undergraduate level, expand the enrollment and training scale of higher vocational and technical talents at the undergraduate level, and give full play to the long-term academic system to cultivate high-education technology compound ‘ New craftsman ’ The advantages of. For example, in Shandong, Zhejiang, Guangdong and other provinces with relatively developed vocational education, the index number of public vocational undergraduate colleges can be increased as appropriate. Priority is given to supporting vocational colleges that have contributed to the shortage of technical and technical talents such as modern agriculture, advanced manufacturing, modern service industry and strategic emerging industries. "
At the same time, it is necessary to increase the chances of upgrading colleges and universities under the "Double High Plan". Yang Jinlong said that according to the mid-term performance evaluation grade of the "Double High Plan" in 2022, a total of 160 "Double High Plan" colleges have achieved "excellent" construction results. It is suggested that the education administrative department should give more support to qualified national "Double-High Plan" construction units to be upgraded to professional undergraduate courses independently, focus on the demand for highly skilled talents in the major construction projects of the National Tenth Five-Year Plan, high-end manufacturing, new energy, new materials, modern service industry, digital economy industry and key technologies, and focus on supporting national "Double-High Plan" colleges with high degree of docking of key industries, deep integration of production and education, distinctive school-running characteristics and excellent talent training quality. Text/reporter Jiang Ruojing
Zhang Jingjing, deputy to the National People’s Congress
It is suggested that vocational education should be used to train talents for rural revitalization.
Zhang Jingjing, deputy to the National People’s Congress, chairman of the Jingdezhen Municipal Committee of the Democratic National Construction Association of Jiangxi Province and dean of the International College of Jingdezhen Ceramic University, paid attention to the importance of vocational education in boosting rural revitalization. Zhang Jingjing said that vocational education has a bright future and great potential. In addition to cities, rural areas are in urgent need of a large number of professional talents who understand technology and can provoke the heavy responsibility of rural revitalization. At present, the high-quality rural labor force is constantly "jumping out of the farm", and the problem of "who will plant the land" needs to be solved urgently. To this end, she suggested giving full play to the role of vocational education in the training of rural revitalization talents and cultivating a group of rural revitalization talents who love agriculture, know technology and are good at management.
Linkage ordering training in secondary and higher vocational schools
Zhang Jing believes that vocational colleges can be relied on to strengthen the skills training of rural craftsmen. First of all, it is necessary to build a standard system of education and training for high-quality farmers in the new era. Through the analysis of high-quality farmers’ job tasks, it is necessary to study the professional standards of high-quality farmers in different levels, improve the education and training certification system, and systematically construct accurate courses and school-based teaching materials that meet the development requirements of local agricultural characteristics, so as to provide support for training. At the same time, we should carry out ordering training, give full play to the linkage role of secondary and higher vocational schools, set up rural revitalization colleges at the county level, set up teaching and training bases at the town level, set up village-level residency points, train skilled personnel nearby based on teaching points, and provide ordering production technology training, rural industrial management training and tracking services.
Secondly, the normalization mechanism of rural craftsman training can be established to promote the innovation of rural craftsman vocational training mode. Zhang Jingjing said that the whole industrial chain training will be carried out in different forms such as farmers’ skill competition, online education resources and rural training base construction, and various new training modes such as demonstration base cultivation, farmers’ field schools, mobile classrooms and online education will be implemented to meet the individual training needs of farmers, cultivate high-quality farmers and improve the rural lifelong vocational education system.
Vocational colleges have great potential in rural areas.
In Zhang Jingjing’s view, vocational colleges have great potential in rural areas and can provide high-quality supply for rural social services. For example, give full play to the think tank function of vocational colleges, increase cooperation with local governments and industry laboratories, tap rural resource endowments, develop in a three-dimensional way, and enrich the industrial system; We will carry out technical research and development in some "stuck-neck" areas, such as the formulation of industry standards and the strengthening of local agricultural products, so as to enhance the added value of products.
At the same time, insist on sending teachers and students to the countryside, organize teachers and students to go to villages and towns to implement technology promotion and cultivate rural e-commerce and other technical services, and improve the level of agricultural industrialization and digitalization; Assist the government to do a good job in ensuring the return of talents and retain local rural professional talents.
In addition, teachers specialized in agriculture can be sent to serve as the "first secretary" and stationed in rural areas as special commissioners for science and technology, so as to help the rural population "support their careers", "support their wisdom" and "support their aspirations" through education, training and technical empowerment.
Exploring the evaluation of professional farmers’ professional titles
Zhang Jingjing suggested that in order to strengthen the pertinence of personnel training, we can rely on vocational colleges to strengthen the "three orientations" training of rural young talents, that is, "targeted enrollment, targeted training and targeted employment", and cultivate comprehensive talents such as rural planning and grassroots rural management. We can establish a "trinity" collaborative training mechanism among vocational colleges, local governments and township agricultural and rural institutions, continue and inherit the directional training of provincial grassroots agricultural technicians, set up local agricultural specialties according to the agricultural characteristics of various places, and assign them to township agricultural and rural institutions; Break the constraints of staffing, implement the personnel agency system, and train a large number of agricultural grass-roots technicians.
In this process, the teaching method is very critical. Zhang Jingjing said that it is necessary to attach importance to practical teaching, create a new teaching model of "school curriculum+social curriculum" and "holiday practice+graduation practice", enhance the practical operability of agriculture-related majors, and realize the connection between talent training and social needs. In addition, it is also the key to strengthen the education of local feelings. Through the four-in-one cultivation of rural education feelings of "curriculum integration, cultural edification, model demonstration and practice cultivation", students’ professional identity and local identity can be enhanced, and their sense of accomplishment and pride in participating in rural revitalization can be cultivated, helping them to strengthen their belief in agriculture.
In order to give full play to the role of local experts and enhance the social status and social recognition of professional farmers, Zhang Jingjing suggested exploring the evaluation of the titles of "rural craftsmen" and professional farmers. For example, try to set up a rural craftsman credit bank, and include vocational qualification certificate, vocational skill grade certificate, patent certificate and work performance in the category of credit bank recognition. After the students meet certain credits, the relevant departments will issue the certificate of "village craftsman" during the annual Farmers’ Day; At the same time, the evaluation of professional farmers’ professional titles will be carried out, and rural craftsmen and agricultural professional titles will be included in the management of local expert database. Text/reporter Jiang Ruojing
Coordinator of this edition/Xu Feng